[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":3014},["ShallowReactive",2],{"all-posts":3,"post:\u002Fithome-2026-day-19":1210},[4,23,35,46,57,68,80,91,102,114,126,138,149,160,171,182,193,204,215,226,237,248,258,268,278,288,298,308,319,330,341,354,368,380,390,400,411,421,431,441,451,461,471,481,491,501,511,521,531,541,551,561,571,581,591,601,611,621,631,641,651,661,675,691,704,719,731,742,752,762,772,782,792,802,812,822,832,842,852,862,871,881,891,901,911,921,931,941,951,961,971,980,990,1000,1010,1020,1036,1050,1062,1073,1083,1095,1107,1121,1134,1145,1156,1167,1180,1191,1201],{"path":5,"title":6,"description":7,"date":8,"updated":9,"tags":10,"categories":14,"draft":15,"wordCount":16,"readingTime":17,"canonical":18,"series":19},"\u002Fithome-2026-day-30","Day 30：Angular Router Providers 與生命週期管理，路由離開後 Service 會銷毀嗎？","平常在 Angular 中，我們可以透過 providers 決定 Service 的注入範圍。例如註冊在 Root，讓整個 Application 共用同一個實例；或註冊在 Component，讓 Service 隨著…","2026-10-14T14:46:39+08:00",null,[11,12,13],"iThome 鐵人賽","2026 鐵人賽","Angular",[11,13],false,7227,7,"https:\u002F\u002Fithelp.ithome.com.tw\u002Farticles\u002F10424222",{"name":20,"url":21,"day":22},"2026 iThome 鐵人賽：Angular 22 Signal 進化論","https:\u002F\u002Fithelp.ithome.com.tw\u002Fusers\u002F20116554\u002Fironman\u002F9939",30,{"path":24,"title":25,"description":26,"date":27,"updated":9,"tags":28,"categories":29,"draft":15,"wordCount":30,"readingTime":31,"canonical":32,"series":33},"\u002Fithome-2026-day-29","Day 29：Angular 也有 VueUse？使用 Signality 整合常見 Browser API","在 Vue 生態系中，VueUse 提供許多 Composables，讓我們可以快速使用瀏覽器功能，例如監聽網路狀態、保存使用者設定，或偵測元素是否進入可視範圍。","2026-10-13T23:14:18+08:00",[11,12,13],[11,13],6387,6,"https:\u002F\u002Fithelp.ithome.com.tw\u002Farticles\u002F10424070",{"name":20,"url":21,"day":34},29,{"path":36,"title":37,"description":38,"date":39,"updated":9,"tags":40,"categories":41,"draft":15,"wordCount":42,"readingTime":31,"canonical":43,"series":44},"\u002Fithome-2026-day-28","Day 28：Angular 動態建立 Component，NgComponentOutlet 與 ViewContainerRef","平常在 Angular 中使用 Component，通常會直接在 Template 裡面宣告：","2026-10-12T17:27:41+08:00",[11,12,13],[11,13],6565,"https:\u002F\u002Fithelp.ithome.com.tw\u002Farticles\u002F10423641",{"name":20,"url":21,"day":45},28,{"path":47,"title":48,"description":49,"date":50,"updated":9,"tags":51,"categories":52,"draft":15,"wordCount":53,"readingTime":17,"canonical":54,"series":55},"\u002Fithome-2026-day-27","Day 27：NgRx Store vs SignalStore，從 Action、Reducer 到直接更新 State","前幾天我們使用 NgRx SignalStore 實作購物車，透過 withState() 管理商品資料、withComputed() 計算總金額，再利用 withMethods() 與 patchState() 更新 …","2026-10-11T20:06:41+08:00",[11,12,13],[11,13],7308,"https:\u002F\u002Fithelp.ithome.com.tw\u002Farticles\u002F10423362",{"name":20,"url":21,"day":56},27,{"path":58,"title":59,"description":60,"date":61,"updated":9,"tags":62,"categories":63,"draft":15,"wordCount":64,"readingTime":17,"canonical":65,"series":66},"\u002Fithome-2026-day-26","Day 26：SignalStore 與 Strategy Pattern，透過 DI 動態切換業務邏輯","昨天我們使用 Angular 原生 Signal 與 NgRx SignalStore 實作購物車，透過 State 管理商品資料，再利用 Computed 計算商品數量與總金額。","2026-10-10T22:01:59+08:00",[11,12,13],[11,13],7347,"https:\u002F\u002Fithelp.ithome.com.tw\u002Farticles\u002F10423116",{"name":20,"url":21,"day":67},26,{"path":69,"title":70,"description":71,"date":72,"updated":9,"tags":73,"categories":74,"draft":15,"wordCount":75,"readingTime":76,"canonical":77,"series":78},"\u002Fithome-2026-day-25","Day 25：Angular SignalStore，原生 Signal 不夠用嗎？","在 Angular 開發中，如果資料只會被單一 Component 使用，通常可以直接透過 signal() 管理。但當多個 Component 需要共用同一份資料時，就得考慮狀態應該放在哪裡。","2026-10-09T21:28:45+08:00",[11,12,13],[11,13],9117,9,"https:\u002F\u002Fithelp.ithome.com.tw\u002Farticles\u002F10422784",{"name":20,"url":21,"day":79},25,{"path":81,"title":82,"description":83,"date":84,"updated":9,"tags":85,"categories":86,"draft":15,"wordCount":87,"readingTime":31,"canonical":88,"series":89},"\u002Fithome-2026-day-24","Day 24：SPA Router 為什麼不再只靠 History API？","平常使用 Angular Router 時，可以透過 routerLink 或 router.navigate() 切換不同頁面。","2026-10-08T14:30:47+08:00",[11,12,13],[11,13],6330,"https:\u002F\u002Fithelp.ithome.com.tw\u002Farticles\u002F10422348",{"name":20,"url":21,"day":90},24,{"path":92,"title":93,"description":94,"date":95,"updated":9,"tags":96,"categories":97,"draft":15,"wordCount":98,"readingTime":17,"canonical":99,"series":100},"\u002Fithome-2026-day-23","Day 23：RouteReuseStrategy，切換路由一定要銷毀 Component 嗎？","在後台系統中，很常會看到頁籤式介面，例如：","2026-10-07T15:58:32+08:00",[11,12,13],[11,13],7361,"https:\u002F\u002Fithelp.ithome.com.tw\u002Farticles\u002F10422016",{"name":20,"url":21,"day":101},23,{"path":103,"title":104,"description":105,"date":106,"updated":9,"tags":107,"categories":108,"draft":15,"wordCount":109,"readingTime":110,"canonical":111,"series":112},"\u002Fithome-2026-day-22","Day 22：Angular Render Lifecycle，從 afterNextRender 到 DestroyRef","過去在 Angular 中，只要遇到初始化、View 建立或資源清理，通常會先想到 Lifecycle Hooks：","2026-10-06T23:36:23+08:00",[11,12,13],[11,13],8111,8,"https:\u002F\u002Fithelp.ithome.com.tw\u002Farticles\u002F10421810",{"name":20,"url":21,"day":113},22,{"path":115,"title":116,"description":117,"date":118,"updated":9,"tags":119,"categories":120,"draft":15,"wordCount":121,"readingTime":122,"canonical":123,"series":124},"\u002Fithome-2026-day-21","Day 21：Angular Template 還適合呼叫 Method 嗎？從 Pipe、RxJS 到 computed","過去在寫 Angular 時，因為 Template 可以直接呼叫 Method，很容易在專案裡看到大量這樣的寫法。","2026-10-05T23:30:32+08:00",[11,12,13],[11,13],5431,5,"https:\u002F\u002Fithelp.ithome.com.tw\u002Farticles\u002F10421425",{"name":20,"url":21,"day":125},21,{"path":127,"title":128,"description":129,"date":130,"updated":9,"tags":131,"categories":132,"draft":15,"wordCount":133,"readingTime":134,"canonical":135,"series":136},"\u002Fithome-2026-day-20","Day 20：Signal Forms 非同步驗證，validateHttp 與 validateAsync","前兩篇介紹了 Signal Forms 的基本驗證，以及需要參考其他欄位的 Cross-field Validation。","2026-10-04T20:56:17+08:00",[11,12,13],[11,13],4278,4,"https:\u002F\u002Fithelp.ithome.com.tw\u002Farticles\u002F10420910",{"name":20,"url":21,"day":137},20,{"path":139,"title":140,"description":141,"date":142,"updated":9,"tags":143,"categories":144,"draft":15,"wordCount":145,"readingTime":134,"canonical":146,"series":147},"\u002Fithome-2026-day-19","Day 19：Signal Forms Cross-field Validation 與欄位更新時機","上一篇介紹 Signal Forms 時，已經看到可以透過 Schema 定義欄位驗證，例如 required()、email()、minLength()。","2026-10-03T23:18:26+08:00",[11,12,13],[11,13],3783,"https:\u002F\u002Fithelp.ithome.com.tw\u002Farticles\u002F10420631",{"name":20,"url":21,"day":148},19,{"path":150,"title":151,"description":152,"date":153,"updated":9,"tags":154,"categories":155,"draft":15,"wordCount":156,"readingTime":31,"canonical":157,"series":158},"\u002Fithome-2026-day-18","Day 18：Angular Signal Forms 穩定了，跟我們用了這麼久的 Reactive Forms 到底差在哪？","在 Angular 中處理表單，很多專案使用的都是 Reactive Forms。","2026-10-02T23:28:36+08:00",[11,12,13],[11,13],5886,"https:\u002F\u002Fithelp.ithome.com.tw\u002Farticles\u002F10420249",{"name":20,"url":21,"day":159},18,{"path":161,"title":162,"description":163,"date":164,"updated":9,"tags":165,"categories":166,"draft":15,"wordCount":167,"readingTime":31,"canonical":168,"series":169},"\u002Fithome-2026-day-17","Day 17：effect() 不是拿來同步 Signal 的，Angular 的 Side Effect 該怎麼寫？","effect() 是 Angular signal 裡很容易被誤用的一個 API。因為寫法直覺，只要讀取 signal，就能在值改變時執行一些事情，所以很常被拿來同步狀態、打 API，甚至再去修改其他 signal。","2026-10-01T21:22:13+08:00",[11,12,13],[11,13],6473,"https:\u002F\u002Fithelp.ithome.com.tw\u002Farticles\u002F10419779",{"name":20,"url":21,"day":170},17,{"path":172,"title":173,"description":174,"date":175,"updated":9,"tags":176,"categories":177,"draft":15,"wordCount":178,"readingTime":31,"canonical":179,"series":180},"\u002Fithome-2026-day-16","Day 16：即將登場的 Route Resources，Angular Router 為什麼需要新的資料載入方式？","過去在 Angular Router 中，如果希望進入 Component 前先完成資料載入，可以透過 Resolver，讓資料取得流程在 Component 初始化之前執行。","2026-09-30T23:12:05+08:00",[11,12,13],[11,13],6534,"https:\u002F\u002Fithelp.ithome.com.tw\u002Farticles\u002F10419409",{"name":20,"url":21,"day":181},16,{"path":183,"title":184,"description":185,"date":186,"updated":9,"tags":187,"categories":188,"draft":15,"wordCount":189,"readingTime":17,"canonical":190,"series":191},"\u002Fithome-2026-day-15","Day 15：搞懂 Injection Context，從 inject()、runInInjectionContext() 到 injectAsync()","前面提到 Injection Context 時，可能會讓人聯想到先前介紹過的 Reactive Context。我一開始也有點搞混，因此花了一些時間重新理解 Angular 裡這些不同的執行環境。","2026-09-29T13:44:28+08:00",[11,12,13],[11,13],6986,"https:\u002F\u002Fithelp.ithome.com.tw\u002Farticles\u002F10418752",{"name":20,"url":21,"day":192},15,{"path":194,"title":195,"description":196,"date":197,"updated":9,"tags":198,"categories":199,"draft":15,"wordCount":200,"readingTime":17,"canonical":201,"series":202},"\u002Fithome-2026-day-14","Day 14：Lazy Loading 不只一種，從 Router Preloading、@defer 到 injectAsync()","當 Client Side Rendering 的應用越來越大時，我們通常會開始思考，能不能把原本一次載入的內容拆得更小，等到真正需要時再下載，避免初始載入過多 JavaScript，拉長畫面呈現的時間。","2026-09-28T22:44:46+08:00",[11,12,13],[11,13],7674,"https:\u002F\u002Fithelp.ithome.com.tw\u002Farticles\u002F10418485",{"name":20,"url":21,"day":203},14,{"path":205,"title":206,"description":207,"date":208,"updated":9,"tags":209,"categories":210,"draft":15,"wordCount":211,"readingTime":110,"canonical":212,"series":213},"\u002Fithome-2026-day-13","Day 13：從 Router Event 到 Signal","路由狀態管理在前端開發中比較少被單獨拿出來討論，但在 Angular 裡，一次路由導航其實會經過不少階段，也會在過程中發出不同的 Router Event，例如 NavigationStart、NavigationEnd…","2026-09-27T20:37:55+08:00",[11,12,13],[11,13],7777,"https:\u002F\u002Fithelp.ithome.com.tw\u002Farticles\u002F10417948",{"name":20,"url":21,"day":214},13,{"path":216,"title":217,"description":218,"date":219,"updated":9,"tags":220,"categories":221,"draft":15,"wordCount":222,"readingTime":122,"canonical":223,"series":224},"\u002Fithome-2026-day-12","Day 12：從 httpResource 到 TanStack Query，認識 Server State","前面我們花了不少時間討論，為什麼「請求本身的狀態」和「元件的顯示狀態」應該分開處理。","2026-09-26T23:35:12+08:00",[11,12,13],[11,13],5119,"https:\u002F\u002Fithelp.ithome.com.tw\u002Farticles\u002F10417614",{"name":20,"url":21,"day":225},12,{"path":227,"title":228,"description":229,"date":230,"updated":9,"tags":231,"categories":232,"draft":15,"wordCount":233,"readingTime":122,"canonical":234,"series":235},"\u002Fithome-2026-day-11","Day 11：用 rxResource 串起 Observable 與 Resource","前面介紹了不少 Resource 到 httpResource() 的應用。不過在 Angular 開發中，Observable 與 RxJS 仍然是很常見的非同步資料處理方式，像是 switchMap、map、debo…","2026-09-25T22:42:04+08:00",[11,12,13],[11,13],4908,"https:\u002F\u002Fithelp.ithome.com.tw\u002Farticles\u002F10417143",{"name":20,"url":21,"day":236},11,{"path":238,"title":239,"description":240,"date":241,"updated":9,"tags":242,"categories":243,"draft":15,"wordCount":244,"readingTime":31,"canonical":245,"series":246},"\u002Fithome-2026-day-10","Day 10：linkedSignal 讓相依狀態也能被修改","昨天我們透過 httpResource() 搭配 chain() 處理兩個非同步資料之間的依賴。下游 Request 需要使用上游資料時，會等上游完成後再繼續；當 Request 的來源改變，Resource 的狀態也會…","2026-09-24T23:49:49+08:00",[11,12,13],[11,13],5623,"https:\u002F\u002Fithelp.ithome.com.tw\u002Farticles\u002F10416746",{"name":20,"url":21,"day":247},10,{"path":249,"title":250,"description":251,"date":252,"updated":9,"tags":253,"categories":254,"draft":15,"wordCount":255,"readingTime":134,"canonical":256,"series":257},"\u002Fithome-2026-day-09","Day 9：httpResource 實務篇，統一回覆格式與 chain 相依請求","昨天我們透過 Orval 串起 API Contract，了解如何根據 OpenAPI 規格產生前端需要的型別與 API 呼叫方式。","2026-09-23T23:42:40+08:00",[11,12,13],[11,13],4358,"https:\u002F\u002Fithelp.ithome.com.tw\u002Farticles\u002F10416227",{"name":20,"url":21,"day":76},{"path":259,"title":260,"description":261,"date":262,"updated":9,"tags":263,"categories":264,"draft":15,"wordCount":265,"readingTime":122,"canonical":266,"series":267},"\u002Fithome-2026-day-08","Day 8：用 Orval 串起 Angular API Contract，同時產生 HttpClient、httpResource 與 Zod","前後端在對接 API 時，常見的問題之一，就是雙方對資料格式的定義逐漸不一致。","2026-09-22T23:48:12+08:00",[11,12,13],[11,13],4451,"https:\u002F\u002Fithelp.ithome.com.tw\u002Farticles\u002F10415694",{"name":20,"url":21,"day":110},{"path":269,"title":270,"description":271,"date":272,"updated":9,"tags":273,"categories":274,"draft":15,"wordCount":275,"readingTime":17,"canonical":276,"series":277},"\u002Fithome-2026-day-07","Day 7：從 Resource 到 httpResource，用 Signal 管理 HTTP 資料請求","昨天我們提到，Resource API 本身是一套通用的非同步資料模型，比較適合用在「讀取資料」這類情境，而不是新增、修改或刪除資料這種 Mutation 操作。","2026-09-21T22:13:18+08:00",[11,12,13],[11,13],6735,"https:\u002F\u002Fithelp.ithome.com.tw\u002Farticles\u002F10415038",{"name":20,"url":21,"day":17},{"path":279,"title":280,"description":281,"date":282,"updated":9,"tags":283,"categories":284,"draft":15,"wordCount":285,"readingTime":122,"canonical":286,"series":287},"\u002Fithome-2026-day-06","Day 6：Resource API，把非同步資料帶進 Signal","今天來看 Angular Signal 裡一個很重要的非同步資料 API：Resource API。","2026-09-20T19:25:37+08:00",[11,12,13],[11,13],5054,"https:\u002F\u002Fithelp.ithome.com.tw\u002Farticles\u002F10414377",{"name":20,"url":21,"day":31},{"path":289,"title":290,"description":291,"date":292,"updated":9,"tags":293,"categories":294,"draft":15,"wordCount":295,"readingTime":134,"canonical":296,"series":297},"\u002Fithome-2026-day-05","Day 5：從 Reactive Graph 到 View Tree，看 Angular 如何找到真正需要更新的畫面","前面我們已經知道，當 Signal 的值發生變化後，Angular 會透過 Reactive Graph 找到受到影響的 Consumer。","2026-09-19T20:19:47+08:00",[11,12,13],[11,13],4364,"https:\u002F\u002Fithelp.ithome.com.tw\u002Farticles\u002F10413852",{"name":20,"url":21,"day":122},{"path":299,"title":300,"description":301,"date":302,"updated":9,"tags":303,"categories":304,"draft":15,"wordCount":305,"readingTime":122,"canonical":306,"series":307},"\u002Fithome-2026-day-04","Day 4：Angular 怎麼知道誰正在讀 Signal？從 Reactive Context 理解依賴追蹤","前面我們看過，當 Template 讀取 Signal 時，Angular 會記住「誰依賴了誰」；當 Signal 發生變化後，也會透過 Reactive Graph 通知相關的 Consumer。","2026-09-18T21:58:16+08:00",[11,12,13],[11,13],4894,"https:\u002F\u002Fithelp.ithome.com.tw\u002Farticles\u002F10413313",{"name":20,"url":21,"day":134},{"path":309,"title":310,"description":311,"date":312,"updated":9,"tags":313,"categories":314,"draft":15,"wordCount":315,"readingTime":122,"canonical":316,"series":317},"\u002Fithome-2026-day-03","Day 3：從 set()、update() 看懂 Angular Signal 的基本使用與更新機制","昨天我們先試著理解，在 Template 中使用 Signal() 時，Angular 是如何建立依賴關係，並在 Signal 發生變化後，知道哪些 View 可能受到影響。","2026-09-17T23:08:58+08:00",[11,12,13],[11,13],5451,"https:\u002F\u002Fithelp.ithome.com.tw\u002Farticles\u002F10412826",{"name":20,"url":21,"day":318},3,{"path":320,"title":321,"description":322,"date":323,"updated":9,"tags":324,"categories":325,"draft":15,"wordCount":326,"readingTime":134,"canonical":327,"series":328},"\u002Fithome-2026-day-02","Day 2：Angular Signal 是什麼？從 Change Detection 理解它的運作原理","傳統 Angular 在監測資料變化時，通常會搭配 zone.js。像是 DOM 事件、Promise、Timer、HTTP 請求這些非同步操作發生時，zone.js 會幫忙攔截。","2026-09-16T20:19:12+08:00",[11,12,13],[11,13],4276,"https:\u002F\u002Fithelp.ithome.com.tw\u002Farticles\u002F10411944",{"name":20,"url":21,"day":329},2,{"path":331,"title":332,"description":333,"date":334,"updated":9,"tags":335,"categories":336,"draft":15,"wordCount":337,"readingTime":329,"canonical":338,"series":339},"\u002Fithome-2026-day-01","Day 1：為什麼想聊 Angular Signal？","相信講到前端框架，大家第一時間想到的通常會是 Vue、React，甚至也有人會推薦 Svelte 這類近年討論度很高的框架。但一講到 Angular，很多人的第一印象可能就像看到一座大城堡一樣：東西很多、規則很多，一時之…","2026-09-15T23:56:26+08:00",[11,12,13],[11,13],1478,"https:\u002F\u002Fithelp.ithome.com.tw\u002Farticles\u002F10411425",{"name":20,"url":21,"day":340},1,{"path":342,"title":343,"description":344,"date":345,"updated":9,"tags":346,"categories":351,"draft":15,"wordCount":353,"readingTime":134,"canonical":9,"series":9},"\u002FTS-Excess-Property-Checks","TypeScript 踩坑筆記：物件字面量的多餘屬性檢查機制","深入探討 TypeScript 的多餘屬性檢查（Excess Property Checks）機制，解析物件字面量與變數賦值的型別檢查差異，並提供實務開發中避免型別陷阱的最佳實踐方法。","2026-01-31T16:29:23+08:00",[347,348,349,350],"Excess Property Checks","Structural Typing","Type Safety","NestJS",[352],"TypeScript",3551,{"path":355,"title":356,"description":357,"date":358,"updated":9,"tags":359,"categories":361,"draft":15,"wordCount":363,"readingTime":329,"canonical":364,"series":365},"\u002Fithome-2025-day-30","Day 30：開發之旅完結 - 感謝與展望","終於來到鐵人賽的最後一天！這是我第二次參加鐵人賽，今年的主題是 LINE Bot 開發。這個主題源自於我參加的十二週讀書會分享，當時我發現大家對 LINE Bot 很感興趣，而我自己也一直很喜歡這個主題，於是早在六月就定…","2025-10-13T20:11:12+08:00",[11,360],"2025 鐵人賽",[11,362],"Line Bot",1751,"https:\u002F\u002Fithelp.ithome.com.tw\u002Farticles\u002F10396850",{"name":366,"url":367,"day":22},"2025 iThome 鐵人賽：Line Bot × NestJS：30 天開發日記","https:\u002F\u002Fithelp.ithome.com.tw\u002Fusers\u002F20116554\u002Fironman\u002F8779",{"path":369,"title":370,"description":371,"date":372,"updated":9,"tags":373,"categories":376,"draft":15,"wordCount":377,"readingTime":31,"canonical":378,"series":379},"\u002Fithome-2025-day-29","Day 29：LIFF 會員註冊 - 信箱驗證與 Swagger 文件整合","延續 Day 28 會員註冊的流程，在實際的會員註冊場景中，電子信箱驗證是確保用戶身份真實性的重要環節。本篇將基於昨天的註冊流程，新增兩個核心 API：發送驗證信與驗證驗證碼，讓會員註冊功能更加完整且安全。","2025-10-12T23:15:00+08:00",[11,360,362,374,350,375],"LIFF","Swagger",[11,362],6089,"https:\u002F\u002Fithelp.ithome.com.tw\u002Farticles\u002F10396512",{"name":366,"url":367,"day":34},{"path":381,"title":382,"description":383,"date":384,"updated":9,"tags":385,"categories":386,"draft":15,"wordCount":387,"readingTime":122,"canonical":388,"series":389},"\u002Fithome-2025-day-28","Day 28：LIFF 會員註冊 - ID Token 驗證與資料庫整合","今天的開發重點是建立會員卡系統，將 LIFF 前端與 NestJS 後端完整串接。","2025-10-11T22:57:29+08:00",[11,360,362,374,350],[11,362],5254,"https:\u002F\u002Fithelp.ithome.com.tw\u002Farticles\u002F10396146",{"name":366,"url":367,"day":45},{"path":391,"title":392,"description":393,"date":394,"updated":9,"tags":395,"categories":396,"draft":15,"wordCount":397,"readingTime":318,"canonical":398,"series":399},"\u002Fithome-2025-day-27","Day 27：群組事件與檔案訊息接收","今天主要補充 LINE Bot 在群組中的專屬特性，包括群組限定的 Webhook 事件，以及前面提到但尚未說明的第 7 種訊息類型 file 檔案訊息。","2025-10-10T21:01:52+08:00",[11,360,362,350],[11,362],2888,"https:\u002F\u002Fithelp.ithome.com.tw\u002Farticles\u002F10395785",{"name":366,"url":367,"day":56},{"path":401,"title":402,"description":403,"date":404,"updated":9,"tags":405,"categories":407,"draft":15,"wordCount":408,"readingTime":122,"canonical":409,"series":410},"\u002Fithome-2025-day-26","Day 26：LINE Pay 線上付款","LINE Pay 提供兩種付款方式：線上付款與實體付款。實體付款主要採用店家出示條碼的模式，顧客掃描後即可輸入金額完成付款。這兩種付款方式都支援在沙盒(Sandbox)環境中進行測試。本文將著重說明線上付款的整合流程。","2025-10-09T23:39:32+08:00",[11,360,406],"Line Pay",[11,362],4876,"https:\u002F\u002Fithelp.ithome.com.tw\u002Farticles\u002F10395481",{"name":366,"url":367,"day":67},{"path":412,"title":413,"description":414,"date":415,"updated":9,"tags":416,"categories":417,"draft":15,"wordCount":418,"readingTime":318,"canonical":419,"series":420},"\u002Fithome-2025-day-25","Day 25：優惠券設定與 Coupon Message 實作","LINE Official Account 的「優惠券」是提升顧客互動與忠誠度的重要功能。透過獎勵機制，不僅能吸引新客，更能有效促進回購。","2025-10-08T23:49:32+08:00",[11,360,362,350],[11,362],3207,"https:\u002F\u002Fithelp.ithome.com.tw\u002Farticles\u002F10395076",{"name":366,"url":367,"day":79},{"path":422,"title":423,"description":424,"date":425,"updated":9,"tags":426,"categories":427,"draft":15,"wordCount":428,"readingTime":134,"canonical":429,"series":430},"\u002Fithome-2025-day-24","Day 24：LIFF 刮刮樂實戰體驗","在了解 LIFF 的基礎設計流程後，本文將透過「刮刮樂」案例示範 LIFF API 的實際應用。從啟動時檢查權限與執行環境、確認用戶分享功能權限，到刮刮樂結束後發送訊息並關閉 LIFF，完整呈現 LIFF 在互動應用中的…","2025-10-07T22:36:58+08:00",[11,360,362,374],[11,362],4200,"https:\u002F\u002Fithelp.ithome.com.tw\u002Farticles\u002F10394618",{"name":366,"url":367,"day":90},{"path":432,"title":433,"description":434,"date":435,"updated":9,"tags":436,"categories":437,"draft":15,"wordCount":438,"readingTime":134,"canonical":439,"series":440},"\u002Fithome-2025-day-23","Day 23：LIFF 網頁應用開發入門","在鐵人賽前半段，我們深入探討了 LINE Bot 的兩大核心功能：Richmenu(選單設置)與各種 Reply Message(回覆訊息)的訊息類型。然而在實務應用中，若要提供更豐富的互動體驗，Line 往往需要搭配 …","2025-10-06T23:06:57+08:00",[11,360,362,374],[11,362],4400,"https:\u002F\u002Fithelp.ithome.com.tw\u002Farticles\u002F10394035",{"name":366,"url":367,"day":101},{"path":442,"title":443,"description":444,"date":445,"updated":9,"tags":446,"categories":447,"draft":15,"wordCount":448,"readingTime":329,"canonical":449,"series":450},"\u002Fithome-2025-day-22","Day 22：Render 雲端平台部署 Nest 後端伺服器","今天的目標是將系統正式上線。經過這段時間的開發，我們已完成 Line Message API 的核心功能與日誌處理機制。","2025-10-05T22:52:11+08:00",[11,360,362,350],[11,362],1895,"https:\u002F\u002Fithelp.ithome.com.tw\u002Farticles\u002F10393809",{"name":366,"url":367,"day":113},{"path":452,"title":453,"description":454,"date":455,"updated":9,"tags":456,"categories":457,"draft":15,"wordCount":458,"readingTime":318,"canonical":459,"series":460},"\u002Fithome-2025-day-21","Day 21：Nest Pino 整合 Grafana Loki 日誌","Loki 環境變數可參考 Day 20 文章的 Grafana Data Source settings 設定","2025-10-04T17:24:26+08:00",[11,360,362,350],[11,362],2740,"https:\u002F\u002Fithelp.ithome.com.tw\u002Farticles\u002F10393305",{"name":366,"url":367,"day":125},{"path":462,"title":463,"description":464,"date":465,"updated":9,"tags":466,"categories":467,"draft":15,"wordCount":468,"readingTime":318,"canonical":469,"series":470},"\u002Fithome-2025-day-20","Day 20：Grafana Loki 日誌服務 - 從申請到 API 串接測試","目前已經理解了 LINE Messaging API 的核心功能，包括如何接收訊息、串接第三方服務，以及發送多種類型的訊息。接下來，我們將把原本架設在 ngrok 的後端伺服器，透過 GitHub 自動化部署到 Rend…","2025-10-03T23:16:16+08:00",[11,360,362,350],[11,362],2461,"https:\u002F\u002Fithelp.ithome.com.tw\u002Farticles\u002F10392910",{"name":366,"url":367,"day":137},{"path":472,"title":473,"description":474,"date":475,"updated":9,"tags":476,"categories":477,"draft":15,"wordCount":478,"readingTime":318,"canonical":479,"series":480},"\u002Fithome-2025-day-19","Day 19：Flex Message Carousel 食譜分享","Flex Message 可以分成 bubble(單張卡片) 跟 carousel(多張卡片輪播) 兩種方式，昨天示範了 bubble 格式的電子個人名片後，今天主要展示 carousel 的應用，兩者的基本結構大致相同…","2025-10-02T16:06:17+08:00",[11,360,362,350],[11,362],2267,"https:\u002F\u002Fithelp.ithome.com.tw\u002Farticles\u002F10392256",{"name":366,"url":367,"day":148},{"path":482,"title":483,"description":484,"date":485,"updated":9,"tags":486,"categories":487,"draft":15,"wordCount":488,"readingTime":122,"canonical":489,"series":490},"\u002Fithome-2025-day-18","Day 18：Flex Message 設計個人名片","從基礎的文字互動開始，我們逐步探索了六大核心訊息類型的發送機制、Template Message 的結構化設計，以及 ImageMap Message 的互動式體驗。今天，我們將進入 LINE Bot 最具彈性的訊息格式…","2025-10-01T17:57:47+08:00",[11,360,362,350],[11,362],4468,"https:\u002F\u002Fithelp.ithome.com.tw\u002Farticles\u002F10391723",{"name":366,"url":367,"day":159},{"path":492,"title":493,"description":494,"date":495,"updated":9,"tags":496,"categories":497,"draft":15,"wordCount":498,"readingTime":122,"canonical":499,"series":500},"\u002Fithome-2025-day-17","Day 17：ImageMap Message  從互動海報到影片嵌入","在 Day 16 文章中，我們使用 Cloudflare Workers 實作了圖片代理功能。到目前為止，我們已經完成以下準備工作:","2025-09-30T11:58:32+08:00",[11,360,362,350],[11,362],4807,"https:\u002F\u002Fithelp.ithome.com.tw\u002Farticles\u002F10391164",{"name":366,"url":367,"day":170},{"path":502,"title":503,"description":504,"date":505,"updated":9,"tags":506,"categories":507,"draft":15,"wordCount":508,"readingTime":134,"canonical":509,"series":510},"\u002Fithome-2025-day-16","Day 16：Cloudflare Workers 圖片代理實作","在 Day 15 文章中，我們處理了 ImageMap Message 的背景圖，接著我們遇到了圖片不能出現副檔名及動態路徑支援不同解析度的問題。今天主要會透過 Cloudflare Workers 來解決這兩個問題，讓…","2025-09-29T16:15:41+08:00",[11,360,362,350],[11,362],3412,"https:\u002F\u002Fithelp.ithome.com.tw\u002Farticles\u002F10390567",{"name":366,"url":367,"day":181},{"path":512,"title":513,"description":514,"date":515,"updated":9,"tags":516,"categories":517,"draft":15,"wordCount":518,"readingTime":134,"canonical":519,"series":520},"\u002Fithome-2025-day-15","Day 15：共通屬性處理優化及 Imagemap  圖片製作","針對 Day 14 的程式碼架構進行優化。由於 Sender 和 Quick Reply 功能在所有回覆訊息類型中都能使用，我們應該將這些共用屬性抽取為獨立函數進行統一處理。","2025-09-28T21:03:38+08:00",[11,360,362,350],[11,362],4033,"https:\u002F\u002Fithelp.ithome.com.tw\u002Farticles\u002F10389697",{"name":366,"url":367,"day":192},{"path":522,"title":523,"description":524,"date":525,"updated":9,"tags":526,"categories":527,"draft":15,"wordCount":528,"readingTime":31,"canonical":529,"series":530},"\u002Fithome-2025-day-14","Day 14：LINE Bot Template Message 訊息回覆","經過前幾天的學習，我們已經成功掌握了 LINE Bot 六大基礎訊息類型的發送技巧，為訊息互動奠定了穩固的基礎。今天，我們將踏入更具挑戰性的進階應用領域！","2025-09-27T15:54:06+08:00",[11,360,362,350],[11,362],6372,"https:\u002F\u002Fithelp.ithome.com.tw\u002Farticles\u002F10388976",{"name":366,"url":367,"day":203},{"path":532,"title":533,"description":534,"date":535,"updated":9,"tags":536,"categories":537,"draft":15,"wordCount":538,"readingTime":122,"canonical":539,"series":540},"\u002Fithome-2025-day-13","Day 13：LINE Bot 客製化 Sender 與 Quick Reply 功能實作","LINE Bot 所有回覆訊息類型都具備「共用屬性」功能，這些屬性帶來兩項重要的互動體驗提升：","2025-09-26T11:41:34+08:00",[11,360,362,350],[11,362],4426,"https:\u002F\u002Fithelp.ithome.com.tw\u002Farticles\u002F10388037",{"name":366,"url":367,"day":214},{"path":542,"title":543,"description":544,"date":545,"updated":9,"tags":546,"categories":547,"draft":15,"wordCount":548,"readingTime":318,"canonical":549,"series":550},"\u002Fithome-2025-day-12","Day 12：LINE Bot Image、Video、Audio、Location 訊息回覆","Day 11 文章中，我們針對 LINE Bot 可以回覆的Text及Sticker基礎型別進行了封裝，不僅新增了 line-message.ts模組，還讓開發者可以用最少的參數產生 LINE Message 所需要的格…","2025-09-25T18:08:09+08:00",[11,360,362,350],[11,362],2977,"https:\u002F\u002Fithelp.ithome.com.tw\u002Farticles\u002F10387598",{"name":366,"url":367,"day":225},{"path":552,"title":553,"description":554,"date":555,"updated":9,"tags":556,"categories":557,"draft":15,"wordCount":558,"readingTime":31,"canonical":559,"series":560},"\u002Fithome-2025-day-11","Day 11：LINE Bot Text Emoji 與 Sticker 訊息回覆","目前我們的 LINE Bot 主要使用 Text 方式回覆訊息。今天將探討 Text 類型的 Emoji 應用，以及 Sticker 回覆方式，基於 Day 8 版本進行改寫。","2025-09-24T23:21:11+08:00",[11,360,350,362],[11,362],5659,"https:\u002F\u002Fithelp.ithome.com.tw\u002Farticles\u002F10386993",{"name":366,"url":367,"day":236},{"path":562,"title":563,"description":564,"date":565,"updated":9,"tags":566,"categories":567,"draft":15,"wordCount":568,"readingTime":318,"canonical":569,"series":570},"\u002Fithome-2025-day-10","Day 10：LINE Rich Menu Switch Action 提升使用者體驗","在 Day 9 文章中，我們結合 LINE 平台的功能，將天氣服務與圖片上傳服務整合，打造出第一張 LINE 圖文選單，透過 URI action 的方式觸發平台提供的互動效果。接著，我們使用客製化選單製作出 9 格的客…","2025-09-23T15:02:57+08:00",[11,360,362,350],[11,362],2906,"https:\u002F\u002Fithelp.ithome.com.tw\u002Farticles\u002F10386165",{"name":366,"url":367,"day":247},{"path":572,"title":573,"description":574,"date":575,"updated":9,"tags":576,"categories":577,"draft":15,"wordCount":578,"readingTime":318,"canonical":579,"series":580},"\u002Fithome-2025-day-09","Day  9：打造 LINE Rich Menu - 後台設計 vs API 客製化","在 Day8 文章中，我們透過整合雲端服務 Cloudinary，學習如何處理使用者上傳的圖片檔案，並將其儲存至雲端。然而，LINE Bot 除了讓使用者輸入文字回覆的方式之外，更常見的是透過圖文選單(Rich Menu…","2025-09-22T21:54:25+08:00",[11,360,362,350],[11,362],3285,"https:\u002F\u002Fithelp.ithome.com.tw\u002Farticles\u002F10385658",{"name":366,"url":367,"day":76},{"path":582,"title":583,"description":584,"date":585,"updated":9,"tags":586,"categories":587,"draft":15,"wordCount":588,"readingTime":17,"canonical":589,"series":590},"\u002Fithome-2025-day-08","Day 8：Cloudinary 雲端圖片儲存整合","在 Day 6 中，我們透過整合 OpenWeatherMap API 與座標位置訊息學習了如何結合第三方服務。今天將探索 Cloudinary 雲端服務，解決 LINE 圖片資源會過期的問題，學習如何透過 LINE M…","2025-09-21T23:13:19+08:00",[11,360,362,350],[11,362],7215,"https:\u002F\u002Fithelp.ithome.com.tw\u002Farticles\u002F10384968",{"name":366,"url":367,"day":110},{"path":592,"title":593,"description":594,"date":595,"updated":9,"tags":596,"categories":597,"draft":15,"wordCount":598,"readingTime":122,"canonical":599,"series":600},"\u002Fithome-2025-day-07","Day 7：Joi 環境變數統一驗證，重構 LINE Bot 天氣服務模組","在 Day 6 開發 LINE Bot 結合 OpenWeatherMap API 的過程中，我們採用私有方法將 API 請求處理與資料格式化整合在一起。今天將對 Day 6 的實作進行架構重構，主要目標是建立更完善的環…","2025-09-20T23:07:08+08:00",[11,360,362,350],[11,362],5157,"https:\u002F\u002Fithelp.ithome.com.tw\u002Farticles\u002F10384302",{"name":366,"url":367,"day":17},{"path":602,"title":603,"description":604,"date":605,"updated":9,"tags":606,"categories":607,"draft":15,"wordCount":608,"readingTime":134,"canonical":609,"series":610},"\u002Fithome-2025-day-06","Day 6：整合第三方 API 天氣查詢服務","Day 5 帶大家了解 LINE Bot 能接收使用者傳遞的「6+1」種訊息類型。之所以這樣強調，是因為 File 類型僅能在群組聊天中使用，這個限制我自己也經常忘記，所以習慣用「6+1」來提醒自己。","2025-09-19T21:07:47+08:00",[11,360,362,350],[11,362],3892,"https:\u002F\u002Fithelp.ithome.com.tw\u002Farticles\u002F10383636",{"name":366,"url":367,"day":31},{"path":612,"title":613,"description":614,"date":615,"updated":9,"tags":616,"categories":617,"draft":15,"wordCount":618,"readingTime":122,"canonical":619,"series":620},"\u002Fithome-2025-day-05","Day 5：整合 Pino Logger 提升 LINE Bot 專案的可維護性","看著專案逐漸成型，現在該開始重視日誌記錄的規劃了。在實際部署時，我們通常會區分 develop(開發環境)和 production(正式環境)兩種不同的執行環境，針對不同環境採用相應的日誌策略。","2025-09-18T23:30:00+08:00",[11,360,362,350],[11,362],4746,"https:\u002F\u002Fithelp.ithome.com.tw\u002Farticles\u002F10382298",{"name":366,"url":367,"day":122},{"path":622,"title":623,"description":624,"date":625,"updated":9,"tags":626,"categories":627,"draft":15,"wordCount":628,"readingTime":31,"canonical":629,"series":630},"\u002Fithome-2025-day-04","Day 4：掌握 LINE Bot 七種訊息類型與 NestJS 架構優化","目前我們都只使用 LINE Message Event 中的純文字(text)格式進行回覆，但除了純文字之外，LINE Bot 後端伺服器其實可以接收多種不同類型的訊息。今天就讓我們一起來深入了解這些訊息類型吧！","2025-09-17T22:53:37+08:00",[11,360,362,350],[11,362],5828,"https:\u002F\u002Fithelp.ithome.com.tw\u002Farticles\u002F10381651",{"name":366,"url":367,"day":134},{"path":632,"title":633,"description":634,"date":635,"updated":9,"tags":636,"categories":637,"draft":15,"wordCount":638,"readingTime":122,"canonical":639,"series":640},"\u002Fithome-2025-day-03","Day 3：Webhook 簽章驗證與訊息回覆策略(Push & Reply)","上一篇帶大家透過「Webhook 模式」成功架設了專屬的 LINE Bot 代理人。相信大家在體驗基礎功能後，對於 LINE Bot Webhook 還能監聽哪些事件、支援哪些類型的訊息回覆，以及如何確保後端收到的訊息確…","2025-09-16T21:53:39+08:00",[11,360,362,350],[11,362],5360,"https:\u002F\u002Fithelp.ithome.com.tw\u002Farticles\u002F10381303",{"name":366,"url":367,"day":318},{"path":642,"title":643,"description":644,"date":645,"updated":9,"tags":646,"categories":647,"draft":15,"wordCount":648,"readingTime":31,"canonical":649,"series":650},"\u002Fithome-2025-day-02","Day 2：從 Webhook 到後端，打造你的專屬機器人","上一篇，帶大家透過「Chat 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dbdiagram.io 加快你與同事之間的距離","2024-11-05T20:18:24+08:00",[667,668,669,670],"ERD","dbdiagram.io","DBML","資料庫設計",[672,673],"Database","開發工具",3982,{"path":676,"title":677,"description":678,"date":679,"updated":9,"tags":680,"categories":687,"draft":15,"wordCount":690,"readingTime":122,"canonical":9,"series":9},"\u002FPostgreSQL-1","前端勇士大闖六角後端體驗營 - 初探 PostgreSQL DML 語法","初步踏入後端的世界，了解何謂後端以及資料庫常見語法 DDL、DML。","2024-10-30T22:43:49+08:00",[681,682,683,684,685,686],"PostgreSQL","SQL","DML","DDL","資料庫","六角學院",[672,688,689],"後端實戰","學習心得",5220,{"path":692,"title":693,"description":694,"date":695,"updated":9,"tags":696,"categories":700,"draft":15,"wordCount":703,"readingTime":329,"canonical":9,"series":9},"\u002Fcss-flex-1","CSS flex 軸線對齊技巧 - 預設屬性","CSS flex 排版技巧你都了解了嗎？回歸學習初心的認識 flex 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27：VeeValidate 表單驗證工具","在開發 Vue 應用程式時，表單驗證至關重要，它能確保使用者輸入的資料符合預期的格式和要求。今天來介紹一款專門用於 Vue 的表單驗證工具—VeeValidate v4。這個工具不僅能幫助開發者輕鬆實現表單驗證，還提供了…","2024-10-10T21:02:16+08:00",[11,710,711,725],[11,713],4461,"https:\u002F\u002Fithelp.ithome.com.tw\u002Farticles\u002F10366165",{"name":717,"url":718,"day":56},{"path":753,"title":754,"description":755,"date":756,"updated":9,"tags":757,"categories":758,"draft":15,"wordCount":759,"readingTime":318,"canonical":760,"series":761},"\u002Fithome-2024-day-26","Vue 3 用實作帶你看過核心概念 - Day 26：KeepAlive 與 Teleport 內置組件","預設情況下，切換組件會導致組件的創建及銷毀，無法保持組件內部的狀態。","2024-10-09T18:50:53+08:00",[11,710,711,725],[11,713],3158,"https:\u002F\u002Fithelp.ithome.com.tw\u002Farticles\u002F10365724",{"name":717,"url":718,"day":67},{"path":763,"title":764,"description":765,"date":766,"updated":9,"tags":767,"categories":768,"draft":15,"wordCount":769,"readingTime":318,"canonical":770,"series":771},"\u002Fithome-2024-day-25","Vue 3 用實作帶你看過核心概念 - Day 25：自定義指令(Custom Directives)","Vue不僅提供了豐富的內置指令用於操作DOM元素，還允許開發者創建自定義指令。透過自定義指令，我們可以對DOM元素進行更細緻的控制，並在指令的不同生命週期階段執行特定的邏輯，從而實現更靈活的功能擴展。","2024-10-08T22:05:32+08:00",[11,710,711,725],[11,713],3116,"https:\u002F\u002Fithelp.ithome.com.tw\u002Farticles\u002F10365355",{"name":717,"url":718,"day":79},{"path":773,"title":774,"description":775,"date":776,"updated":9,"tags":777,"categories":778,"draft":15,"wordCount":779,"readingTime":329,"canonical":780,"series":781},"\u002Fithome-2024-day-24","Vue 3 用實作帶你看過核心概念 - Day 24：異步加載(Lazy loading)","在大型項目中，我們通常需要將應用拆分為更小的代碼模塊，並僅在需要時才從服務器加載相關組件，以減少初次加載的資源量。Vue 提供了 defineAsyncComponent 方法來實現組件的異步加載，這樣可以有效提高應用的…","2024-10-07T20:28:27+08:00",[11,710,711,725],[11,713],2171,"https:\u002F\u002Fithelp.ithome.com.tw\u002Farticles\u002F10364861",{"name":717,"url":718,"day":90},{"path":783,"title":784,"description":785,"date":786,"updated":9,"tags":787,"categories":788,"draft":15,"wordCount":789,"readingTime":318,"canonical":790,"series":791},"\u002Fithome-2024-day-23","Vue 3 用實作帶你看過核心概念 - Day 23：依賴注入( Provide-Inject )","在Dayxx中提到過，父子組件之間的數據傳遞可以通過props來實現。然而，當祖孫層組件需要進行數據傳遞時，中間層級的組件可能並不需要這個props，但卻不得不為了使子組件獲取數據而被迫傳遞。","2024-10-06T15:14:51+08:00",[11,710,711,725],[11,713],3183,"https:\u002F\u002Fithelp.ithome.com.tw\u002Farticles\u002F10364252",{"name":717,"url":718,"day":101},{"path":793,"title":794,"description":795,"date":796,"updated":9,"tags":797,"categories":798,"draft":15,"wordCount":799,"readingTime":134,"canonical":800,"series":801},"\u002Fithome-2024-day-22","Vue 3 用實作帶你看過核心概念 - Day 22：v-slot 插槽使用","先前Day 18中提到父組件可以通過props將參數資料傳遞給子組件進行渲染，這樣可以有效地將資料處理與畫面渲染的工作分開。然而，當我們需要更加客製化的呈現內容，由父組件來控制子組件的部分顯示時，可以使用v-slot 指…","2024-10-05T12:32:51+08:00",[11,710,711,725],[11,713],4292,"https:\u002F\u002Fithelp.ithome.com.tw\u002Farticles\u002F10363713",{"name":717,"url":718,"day":113},{"path":803,"title":804,"description":805,"date":806,"updated":9,"tags":807,"categories":808,"draft":15,"wordCount":809,"readingTime":329,"canonical":810,"series":811},"\u002Fithome-2024-day-21","Vue 3 用實作帶你看過核心概念 - Day 21： 組件透傳屬性(Attributes)的應用","當父組件向子組件傳遞屬性或監聽器，而這些屬性未在子組件中定義為props或emits時，它們會自動繼承並附加到子組件的根元素上，常見的屬性包括class、style、id等。這些屬性可以透過$attrs屬性訪問並進行操作…","2024-10-04T22:42:54+08:00",[11,710,711,725],[11,713],2146,"https:\u002F\u002Fithelp.ithome.com.tw\u002Farticles\u002F10363469",{"name":717,"url":718,"day":125},{"path":813,"title":814,"description":815,"date":816,"updated":9,"tags":817,"categories":818,"draft":15,"wordCount":819,"readingTime":122,"canonical":820,"series":821},"\u002Fithome-2024-day-20","Vue 3 用實作帶你看過核心概念 - Day 20：組件使用 v-model 雙向綁定","在Day 13中，我們介紹了表單元素（例如輸入框）如何處理數據雙向綁定。當需要將表單元素與一個響應式變數綁定時，v-model提供雙向綁定功能。這代表當畫面上表單元素的變動會即時影響Vue數據，同時當Vue數據的值改變時…","2024-10-03T23:40:48+08:00",[11,710,711,725],[11,713],5191,"https:\u002F\u002Fithelp.ithome.com.tw\u002Farticles\u002F10362957",{"name":717,"url":718,"day":137},{"path":823,"title":824,"description":825,"date":826,"updated":9,"tags":827,"categories":828,"draft":15,"wordCount":829,"readingTime":318,"canonical":830,"series":831},"\u002Fithome-2024-day-19","Vue 3 用實作帶你看過核心概念 - Day 19：子組件向父組件發射事件 - emits","組件可以通過$emit(functionName, params)自定義事件名稱並傳遞參數。自定義事件名稱建議使用kebab-case來命名自定義事件名稱，以確保命名風格與HTML 屬性一致性。此外，自定義事件還支持事件…","2024-10-02T15:51:16+08:00",[11,710,711,725],[11,713],2877,"https:\u002F\u002Fithelp.ithome.com.tw\u002Farticles\u002F10362144",{"name":717,"url":718,"day":148},{"path":833,"title":834,"description":835,"date":836,"updated":9,"tags":837,"categories":838,"draft":15,"wordCount":839,"readingTime":31,"canonical":840,"series":841},"\u002Fithome-2024-day-18","Vue 3 用實作帶你看過核心概念 - Day 18：父組件向子組件傳值 - props","組件之間的傳值必須透過聲明 props 的方式，這樣可以避免與HTML的屬性(attribute)混淆。父組件傳遞參數給子組件的方式有以下兩種方式：","2024-10-01T22:28:48+08:00",[11,710,711,725],[11,713],5782,"https:\u002F\u002Fithelp.ithome.com.tw\u002Farticles\u002F10361721",{"name":717,"url":718,"day":159},{"path":843,"title":844,"description":845,"date":846,"updated":9,"tags":847,"categories":848,"draft":15,"wordCount":849,"readingTime":318,"canonical":850,"series":851},"\u002Fithome-2024-day-17","Vue 3 用實作帶你看過核心概念 - Day 17：組件基礎 - 全局註冊與區域註冊","在 Day 5 我們提到可以將應用拆分為根組件和多個組件實例，並將功能模塊化。","2024-09-30T23:30:10+08:00",[11,710,711,725],[11,713],2954,"https:\u002F\u002Fithelp.ithome.com.tw\u002Farticles\u002F10361253",{"name":717,"url":718,"day":170},{"path":853,"title":854,"description":855,"date":856,"updated":9,"tags":857,"categories":858,"draft":15,"wordCount":859,"readingTime":122,"canonical":860,"series":861},"\u002Fithome-2024-day-16","Vue 3 用實作帶你看過核心概念 - Day 16：使用 ref 屬性引用模板元素","雖然 Vue 透過模板幫助我們處理了大部分的DOM 操作，但在某些情況下，仍然需要手動操作 DOM。例如，在使用第三方套件（如 Bootstrap 的 Modal）時，或者需要調用像video.play()和video.…","2024-09-29T16:25:45+08:00",[11,710,711,725],[11,713],4608,"https:\u002F\u002Fithelp.ithome.com.tw\u002Farticles\u002F10360419",{"name":717,"url":718,"day":181},{"path":863,"title":864,"description":865,"date":866,"updated":9,"tags":867,"categories":868,"draft":15,"wordCount":488,"readingTime":122,"canonical":869,"series":870},"\u002Fithome-2024-day-15","Vue 3 用實作帶你看過核心概念 - Day 15：監聽器(Watchers)","在響應式狀態變化時執行特定操作，需要使用watch 監聽器。這些操作可能包含副作用 (side effects)，如發送請求、調用 API，或更新 DOM 以外的系統狀態，亦或是處理自定義的邏輯。","2024-09-28T18:30:31+08:00",[11,710,711,725],[11,713],"https:\u002F\u002Fithelp.ithome.com.tw\u002Farticles\u002F10359958",{"name":717,"url":718,"day":192},{"path":872,"title":873,"description":874,"date":875,"updated":9,"tags":876,"categories":877,"draft":15,"wordCount":878,"readingTime":134,"canonical":879,"series":880},"\u002Fithome-2024-day-14","Vue 3 用實作帶你看過核心概念 - Day 14：生命週期鉤子(Lifecycle Hooks)","在 Vue 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ES6縮寫技巧：輕鬆簡化程式碼，提升效率！。","2023-11-28T13:38:14+08:00",[1026,1151,1152,1153],"Shorthand","Spread Operator","Object",[1034,702],818,{"path":1157,"title":1158,"description":1159,"date":1160,"updated":9,"tags":1161,"categories":1165,"draft":15,"wordCount":1166,"readingTime":340,"canonical":9,"series":9},"\u002FEmmet-1","前端開發神器：使用Emmet提升網頁開發效率","本文將介紹如何利用Emmet來大幅提高前端開發效率，讓你的編碼速度如專家般飛快。","2023-10-31T14:40:54+08:00",[1162,1163,1164],"Emmet","VSCode","HTML",[702,673],865,{"path":1168,"title":1169,"description":1170,"date":1171,"updated":9,"tags":1172,"categories":1177,"draft":15,"wordCount":1179,"readingTime":340,"canonical":9,"series":9},"\u002Fhexo-github-4","建立自己的部落格：了解Hexo指令，更換next部落格主題","今天的你跟我都是Hexo指令指揮官，讓我們將部落格造型大改造一下吧!!!","2023-10-20T14:33:38+08:00",[1173,1174,1175,1176],"Hexo","NexT","git 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Git)","打造屬於自己風格的部落格其實不難，讓我們一步步手把手教你如何實現這個目標。","2023-10-16T08:30:27+08:00",[1173,1058,1207],"Git",[1178],790,{"id":1211,"title":140,"body":1212,"canonical":146,"categories":2996,"date":142,"description":141,"draft":15,"extension":2997,"meta":2998,"navigation":1336,"ogImage":9,"path":139,"rawbody":2999,"readingTime":134,"robots":9,"schemaOrg":9,"seo":3000,"series":3001,"sitemap":3002,"slug":3010,"stem":3011,"tags":3012,"updated":9,"wordCount":145,"__hash__":3013},"posts\u002F2026-10-03-ithome-2026-day-19.md",{"type":1213,"value":1214,"toc":2985},"minimark",[1215,1231,1234,1247,1250,1257,1267,1272,1275,1385,1395,1402,1762,1779,1796,1802,1808,1811,1999,2003,2008,2011,2019,2022,2025,2031,2034,2046,2052,2056,2062,2086,2097,2103,2108,2111,2176,2183,2253,2259,2265,2269,2272,2275,2528,2542,2547,2551,2554,2606,2609,2621,2624,2637,2646,2651,2655,2661,2667,2670,2802,2809,2815,2832,2835,2838,2857,2866,2872,2875,2891,2894,2900,2903,2909,2912,2929,2935,2938,2942,2981],[1216,1217,1218,1219,1223,1224,1223,1227,1230],"p",{},"上一篇介紹 Signal Forms 時，已經看到可以透過 Schema 定義欄位驗證，例如 ",[1220,1221,1222],"code",{},"required()","、",[1220,1225,1226],{},"email()",[1220,1228,1229],{},"minLength()","。",[1216,1232,1233],{},"這些規則只需要目前欄位的值就能判斷結果，但有些情況還需要參考其他欄位，例如：",[1235,1236,1237,1241,1244],"ul",{},[1238,1239,1240],"li",{},"確認密碼要和新密碼一致",[1238,1242,1243],{},"結束日期不能早於開始日期",[1238,1245,1246],{},"最小值不能大於最大值",[1216,1248,1249],{},"這類需要參考其他欄位的驗證，就是 Cross-field Validation。",[1216,1251,1252],{},[1253,1254],"img",{"alt":1255,"src":1256},"什麼是 Cross-field Validation？","https:\u002F\u002Fres.cloudinary.com\u002Fdseg0uwc9\u002Fimage\u002Fupload\u002Fv1791040327\u002F2026%20%E9%90%B5%E4%BA%BA%E8%B3%BD\u002FDay%2019%EF%BC%9ASignal%20Forms%20Cross-field%20Validation%20%E8%88%87%E9%A9%97%E8%AD%89%E6%99%82%E6%A9%9F\u002F01-cross-field-overview.png",[1216,1258,1259,1260,1223,1263,1266],{},"這篇先從確認密碼的案例開始，再補充欄位之間的相依關係，以及 ",[1220,1261,1262],{},"touched()",[1220,1264,1265],{},"debounce()"," 分別會影響什麼。",[1268,1269,1271],"h2",{"id":1270},"cross-field-validation","Cross-field Validation",[1216,1273,1274],{},"假設使用者正在設定新密碼，表單有 New Password 和 Confirm Password：",[1276,1277,1282],"pre",{"className":1278,"code":1279,"language":1280,"meta":1281,"style":1281},"language-ts shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark-dimmed","interface PasswordModel {\n  newPassword: string;\n  confirmPassword: string;\n}\n\nreadonly passwordModel = signal\u003CPasswordModel>({\n  newPassword: '',\n  confirmPassword: '',\n});\n","ts","",[1220,1283,1284,1300,1316,1327,1332,1338,1359,1371,1380],{"__ignoreMap":1281},[1285,1286,1288,1292,1296],"span",{"class":1287,"line":340},"line",[1285,1289,1291],{"class":1290},"s7YZ4","interface",[1285,1293,1295],{"class":1294},"sOLd2"," PasswordModel",[1285,1297,1299],{"class":1298},"sYgZi"," {\n",[1285,1301,1302,1306,1309,1313],{"class":1287,"line":329},[1285,1303,1305],{"class":1304},"stnAF","  newPassword",[1285,1307,1308],{"class":1290},":",[1285,1310,1312],{"class":1311},"sviXB"," string",[1285,1314,1315],{"class":1298},";\n",[1285,1317,1318,1321,1323,1325],{"class":1287,"line":318},[1285,1319,1320],{"class":1304},"  confirmPassword",[1285,1322,1308],{"class":1290},[1285,1324,1312],{"class":1311},[1285,1326,1315],{"class":1298},[1285,1328,1329],{"class":1287,"line":134},[1285,1330,1331],{"class":1298},"}\n",[1285,1333,1334],{"class":1287,"line":122},[1285,1335,1337],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":1336},true,"\n",[1285,1339,1340,1343,1346,1350,1353,1356],{"class":1287,"line":31},[1285,1341,1342],{"class":1298},"readonly passwordModel ",[1285,1344,1345],{"class":1290},"=",[1285,1347,1349],{"class":1348},"sPO5f"," signal",[1285,1351,1352],{"class":1298},"\u003C",[1285,1354,1355],{"class":1294},"PasswordModel",[1285,1357,1358],{"class":1298},">({\n",[1285,1360,1361,1364,1368],{"class":1287,"line":17},[1285,1362,1363],{"class":1298},"  newPassword: ",[1285,1365,1367],{"class":1366},"s-HuK","''",[1285,1369,1370],{"class":1298},",\n",[1285,1372,1373,1376,1378],{"class":1287,"line":110},[1285,1374,1375],{"class":1298},"  confirmPassword: ",[1285,1377,1367],{"class":1366},[1285,1379,1370],{"class":1298},[1285,1381,1382],{"class":1287,"line":76},[1285,1383,1384],{"class":1298},"});\n",[1216,1386,1387,1390,1391,1394],{},[1220,1388,1389],{},"confirmPassword"," 不能只看自己的值，還需要和 ",[1220,1392,1393],{},"newPassword"," 比較。",[1216,1396,1397,1398,1401],{},"這時可以使用 ",[1220,1399,1400],{},"validate()"," 自訂驗證規則：",[1276,1403,1405],{"className":1278,"code":1404,"language":1280,"meta":1281,"style":1281},"import {\n  form,\n  minLength,\n  required,\n  schema,\n  validate,\n} from '@angular\u002Fforms\u002Fsignals';\n\nconst passwordSchema = schema\u003CPasswordModel>(path => {\n  required(path.newPassword, {\n    message: '請輸入新密碼',\n  });\n\n  minLength(path.newPassword, 8, {\n    message: '密碼至少需要 8 個字元',\n  });\n\n  required(path.confirmPassword, {\n    message: '請再次輸入新密碼',\n  });\n\n  validate(\n    path.confirmPassword,\n    ({ value, valueOf }) => {\n      const newPassword = valueOf(path.newPassword);\n      const confirmPassword = value();\n\n      if (newPassword !== confirmPassword) {\n        return {\n          kind: 'passwordMismatch',\n          message: '兩次輸入的密碼不一致',\n        };\n      }\n\n      return null;\n    }\n  );\n});\n\nreadonly passwordForm = form(\n  this.passwordModel,\n  passwordSchema\n);\n",[1220,1406,1407,1414,1419,1424,1429,1434,1439,1452,1456,1484,1492,1502,1507,1511,1525,1534,1538,1542,1549,1558,1562,1566,1574,1579,1601,1617,1632,1636,1650,1657,1667,1678,1684,1690,1695,1706,1712,1718,1723,1728,1741,1750,1756],{"__ignoreMap":1281},[1285,1408,1409,1412],{"class":1287,"line":340},[1285,1410,1411],{"class":1290},"import",[1285,1413,1299],{"class":1298},[1285,1415,1416],{"class":1287,"line":329},[1285,1417,1418],{"class":1298},"  form,\n",[1285,1420,1421],{"class":1287,"line":318},[1285,1422,1423],{"class":1298},"  minLength,\n",[1285,1425,1426],{"class":1287,"line":134},[1285,1427,1428],{"class":1298},"  required,\n",[1285,1430,1431],{"class":1287,"line":122},[1285,1432,1433],{"class":1298},"  schema,\n",[1285,1435,1436],{"class":1287,"line":31},[1285,1437,1438],{"class":1298},"  validate,\n",[1285,1440,1441,1444,1447,1450],{"class":1287,"line":17},[1285,1442,1443],{"class":1298},"} ",[1285,1445,1446],{"class":1290},"from",[1285,1448,1449],{"class":1366}," '@angular\u002Fforms\u002Fsignals'",[1285,1451,1315],{"class":1298},[1285,1453,1454],{"class":1287,"line":110},[1285,1455,1337],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":1336},[1285,1457,1458,1460,1463,1466,1469,1471,1473,1476,1479,1482],{"class":1287,"line":76},[1285,1459,1029],{"class":1290},[1285,1461,1462],{"class":1311}," passwordSchema",[1285,1464,1465],{"class":1290}," =",[1285,1467,1468],{"class":1348}," schema",[1285,1470,1352],{"class":1298},[1285,1472,1355],{"class":1294},[1285,1474,1475],{"class":1298},">(",[1285,1477,1478],{"class":1304},"path",[1285,1480,1481],{"class":1290}," =>",[1285,1483,1299],{"class":1298},[1285,1485,1486,1489],{"class":1287,"line":247},[1285,1487,1488],{"class":1348},"  required",[1285,1490,1491],{"class":1298},"(path.newPassword, {\n",[1285,1493,1494,1497,1500],{"class":1287,"line":236},[1285,1495,1496],{"class":1298},"    message: ",[1285,1498,1499],{"class":1366},"'請輸入新密碼'",[1285,1501,1370],{"class":1298},[1285,1503,1504],{"class":1287,"line":225},[1285,1505,1506],{"class":1298},"  });\n",[1285,1508,1509],{"class":1287,"line":214},[1285,1510,1337],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":1336},[1285,1512,1513,1516,1519,1522],{"class":1287,"line":203},[1285,1514,1515],{"class":1348},"  minLength",[1285,1517,1518],{"class":1298},"(path.newPassword, ",[1285,1520,1521],{"class":1311},"8",[1285,1523,1524],{"class":1298},", {\n",[1285,1526,1527,1529,1532],{"class":1287,"line":192},[1285,1528,1496],{"class":1298},[1285,1530,1531],{"class":1366},"'密碼至少需要 8 個字元'",[1285,1533,1370],{"class":1298},[1285,1535,1536],{"class":1287,"line":181},[1285,1537,1506],{"class":1298},[1285,1539,1540],{"class":1287,"line":170},[1285,1541,1337],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":1336},[1285,1543,1544,1546],{"class":1287,"line":159},[1285,1545,1488],{"class":1348},[1285,1547,1548],{"class":1298},"(path.confirmPassword, {\n",[1285,1550,1551,1553,1556],{"class":1287,"line":148},[1285,1552,1496],{"class":1298},[1285,1554,1555],{"class":1366},"'請再次輸入新密碼'",[1285,1557,1370],{"class":1298},[1285,1559,1560],{"class":1287,"line":137},[1285,1561,1506],{"class":1298},[1285,1563,1564],{"class":1287,"line":125},[1285,1565,1337],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":1336},[1285,1567,1568,1571],{"class":1287,"line":113},[1285,1569,1570],{"class":1348},"  validate",[1285,1572,1573],{"class":1298},"(\n",[1285,1575,1576],{"class":1287,"line":101},[1285,1577,1578],{"class":1298},"    path.confirmPassword,\n",[1285,1580,1581,1584,1587,1590,1593,1596,1599],{"class":1287,"line":90},[1285,1582,1583],{"class":1298},"    ({ ",[1285,1585,1586],{"class":1304},"value",[1285,1588,1589],{"class":1298},", ",[1285,1591,1592],{"class":1304},"valueOf",[1285,1594,1595],{"class":1298}," }) ",[1285,1597,1598],{"class":1290},"=>",[1285,1600,1299],{"class":1298},[1285,1602,1603,1606,1609,1611,1614],{"class":1287,"line":79},[1285,1604,1605],{"class":1290},"      const",[1285,1607,1608],{"class":1311}," newPassword",[1285,1610,1465],{"class":1290},[1285,1612,1613],{"class":1348}," valueOf",[1285,1615,1616],{"class":1298},"(path.newPassword);\n",[1285,1618,1619,1621,1624,1626,1629],{"class":1287,"line":67},[1285,1620,1605],{"class":1290},[1285,1622,1623],{"class":1311}," confirmPassword",[1285,1625,1465],{"class":1290},[1285,1627,1628],{"class":1348}," value",[1285,1630,1631],{"class":1298},"();\n",[1285,1633,1634],{"class":1287,"line":56},[1285,1635,1337],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":1336},[1285,1637,1638,1641,1644,1647],{"class":1287,"line":45},[1285,1639,1640],{"class":1290},"      if",[1285,1642,1643],{"class":1298}," (newPassword ",[1285,1645,1646],{"class":1290},"!==",[1285,1648,1649],{"class":1298}," confirmPassword) {\n",[1285,1651,1652,1655],{"class":1287,"line":34},[1285,1653,1654],{"class":1290},"        return",[1285,1656,1299],{"class":1298},[1285,1658,1659,1662,1665],{"class":1287,"line":22},[1285,1660,1661],{"class":1298},"          kind: ",[1285,1663,1664],{"class":1366},"'passwordMismatch'",[1285,1666,1370],{"class":1298},[1285,1668,1670,1673,1676],{"class":1287,"line":1669},31,[1285,1671,1672],{"class":1298},"          message: ",[1285,1674,1675],{"class":1366},"'兩次輸入的密碼不一致'",[1285,1677,1370],{"class":1298},[1285,1679,1681],{"class":1287,"line":1680},32,[1285,1682,1683],{"class":1298},"        };\n",[1285,1685,1687],{"class":1287,"line":1686},33,[1285,1688,1689],{"class":1298},"      }\n",[1285,1691,1693],{"class":1287,"line":1692},34,[1285,1694,1337],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":1336},[1285,1696,1698,1701,1704],{"class":1287,"line":1697},35,[1285,1699,1700],{"class":1290},"      return",[1285,1702,1703],{"class":1311}," null",[1285,1705,1315],{"class":1298},[1285,1707,1709],{"class":1287,"line":1708},36,[1285,1710,1711],{"class":1298},"    }\n",[1285,1713,1715],{"class":1287,"line":1714},37,[1285,1716,1717],{"class":1298},"  );\n",[1285,1719,1721],{"class":1287,"line":1720},38,[1285,1722,1384],{"class":1298},[1285,1724,1726],{"class":1287,"line":1725},39,[1285,1727,1337],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":1336},[1285,1729,1731,1734,1736,1739],{"class":1287,"line":1730},40,[1285,1732,1733],{"class":1298},"readonly passwordForm ",[1285,1735,1345],{"class":1290},[1285,1737,1738],{"class":1348}," form",[1285,1740,1573],{"class":1298},[1285,1742,1744,1747],{"class":1287,"line":1743},41,[1285,1745,1746],{"class":1311},"  this",[1285,1748,1749],{"class":1298},".passwordModel,\n",[1285,1751,1753],{"class":1287,"line":1752},42,[1285,1754,1755],{"class":1298},"  passwordSchema\n",[1285,1757,1759],{"class":1287,"line":1758},43,[1285,1760,1761],{"class":1298},");\n",[1216,1763,1764,1765,1768,1769,1772,1773,1775,1776,1230],{},"這條驗證掛在 ",[1220,1766,1767],{},"path.confirmPassword","，所以 ",[1220,1770,1771],{},"value()"," 取得的是目前 ",[1220,1774,1389],{}," 的值；如果還需要讀取其他欄位，就可以使用 ",[1220,1777,1778],{},"valueOf()",[1276,1780,1782],{"className":1278,"code":1781,"language":1280,"meta":1281,"style":1281},"const newPassword = valueOf(path.newPassword);\n",[1220,1783,1784],{"__ignoreMap":1281},[1285,1785,1786,1788,1790,1792,1794],{"class":1287,"line":340},[1285,1787,1029],{"class":1290},[1285,1789,1608],{"class":1311},[1285,1791,1465],{"class":1290},[1285,1793,1613],{"class":1348},[1285,1795,1616],{"class":1298},[1216,1797,1798,1799,1230],{},"兩個密碼不同時回傳 Validation Error，驗證通過則回傳 ",[1220,1800,1801],{},"null",[1216,1803,1804],{},[1253,1805],{"alt":1806,"src":1807},"value() 與 valueOf() 各自讀取什麼？","https:\u002F\u002Fres.cloudinary.com\u002Fdseg0uwc9\u002Fimage\u002Fupload\u002Fv1791040331\u002F2026%20%E9%90%B5%E4%BA%BA%E8%B3%BD\u002FDay%2019%EF%BC%9ASignal%20Forms%20Cross-field%20Validation%20%E8%88%87%E9%A9%97%E8%AD%89%E6%99%82%E6%A9%9F\u002F02-value-vs-value-of.png",[1216,1809,1810],{},"錯誤會反映在 Confirm Password 的 Field State：",[1276,1812,1814],{"className":1278,"code":1813,"language":1280,"meta":1281,"style":1281},"\u003Cinput\n  type=\"password\"\n  [formField]=\"passwordForm.newPassword\"\n\u002F>\n\n\u003Cinput\n  type=\"password\"\n  [formField]=\"passwordForm.confirmPassword\"\n\u002F>\n\n@if (\n  passwordForm.confirmPassword().touched() &&\n  passwordForm.confirmPassword().invalid()\n) {\n  @for (\n    error of passwordForm.confirmPassword().errors();\n    track error.kind\n  ) {\n    \u003Cp>{{ error.message }}\u003C\u002Fp>\n  }\n}\n",[1220,1815,1816,1823,1833,1843,1848,1852,1858,1866,1875,1879,1883,1894,1913,1927,1932,1942,1962,1967,1972,1990,1995],{"__ignoreMap":1281},[1285,1817,1818,1820],{"class":1287,"line":340},[1285,1819,1352],{"class":1290},[1285,1821,1822],{"class":1298},"input\n",[1285,1824,1825,1828,1830],{"class":1287,"line":329},[1285,1826,1827],{"class":1298},"  type",[1285,1829,1345],{"class":1290},[1285,1831,1832],{"class":1366},"\"password\"\n",[1285,1834,1835,1838,1840],{"class":1287,"line":318},[1285,1836,1837],{"class":1298},"  [formField]",[1285,1839,1345],{"class":1290},[1285,1841,1842],{"class":1366},"\"passwordForm.newPassword\"\n",[1285,1844,1845],{"class":1287,"line":134},[1285,1846,1847],{"class":1290},"\u002F>\n",[1285,1849,1850],{"class":1287,"line":122},[1285,1851,1337],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":1336},[1285,1853,1854,1856],{"class":1287,"line":31},[1285,1855,1352],{"class":1290},[1285,1857,1822],{"class":1298},[1285,1859,1860,1862,1864],{"class":1287,"line":17},[1285,1861,1827],{"class":1298},[1285,1863,1345],{"class":1290},[1285,1865,1832],{"class":1366},[1285,1867,1868,1870,1872],{"class":1287,"line":110},[1285,1869,1837],{"class":1298},[1285,1871,1345],{"class":1290},[1285,1873,1874],{"class":1366},"\"passwordForm.confirmPassword\"\n",[1285,1876,1877],{"class":1287,"line":76},[1285,1878,1847],{"class":1290},[1285,1880,1881],{"class":1287,"line":247},[1285,1882,1337],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":1336},[1285,1884,1885,1888,1891],{"class":1287,"line":236},[1285,1886,1887],{"class":1298},"@",[1285,1889,1890],{"class":1348},"if",[1285,1892,1893],{"class":1298}," (\n",[1285,1895,1896,1899,1901,1904,1907,1910],{"class":1287,"line":225},[1285,1897,1898],{"class":1298},"  passwordForm.",[1285,1900,1389],{"class":1348},[1285,1902,1903],{"class":1298},"().",[1285,1905,1906],{"class":1348},"touched",[1285,1908,1909],{"class":1298},"() ",[1285,1911,1912],{"class":1290},"&&\n",[1285,1914,1915,1917,1919,1921,1924],{"class":1287,"line":214},[1285,1916,1898],{"class":1298},[1285,1918,1389],{"class":1348},[1285,1920,1903],{"class":1298},[1285,1922,1923],{"class":1348},"invalid",[1285,1925,1926],{"class":1298},"()\n",[1285,1928,1929],{"class":1287,"line":203},[1285,1930,1931],{"class":1298},") {\n",[1285,1933,1934,1937,1940],{"class":1287,"line":192},[1285,1935,1936],{"class":1298},"  @",[1285,1938,1939],{"class":1348},"for",[1285,1941,1893],{"class":1298},[1285,1943,1944,1947,1950,1953,1955,1957,1960],{"class":1287,"line":181},[1285,1945,1946],{"class":1298},"    error ",[1285,1948,1949],{"class":1290},"of",[1285,1951,1952],{"class":1298}," passwordForm.",[1285,1954,1389],{"class":1348},[1285,1956,1903],{"class":1298},[1285,1958,1959],{"class":1348},"errors",[1285,1961,1631],{"class":1298},[1285,1963,1964],{"class":1287,"line":170},[1285,1965,1966],{"class":1298},"    track error.kind\n",[1285,1968,1969],{"class":1287,"line":159},[1285,1970,1971],{"class":1298},"  ) {\n",[1285,1973,1974,1977,1979,1982,1985,1987],{"class":1287,"line":148},[1285,1975,1976],{"class":1298},"    \u003C",[1285,1978,1216],{"class":1294},[1285,1980,1981],{"class":1298},">{{ error.message }}",[1285,1983,1984],{"class":1290},"\u003C\u002F",[1285,1986,1216],{"class":1298},[1285,1988,1989],{"class":1290},">\n",[1285,1991,1992],{"class":1287,"line":137},[1285,1993,1994],{"class":1298},"  }\n",[1285,1996,1997],{"class":1287,"line":125},[1285,1998,1331],{"class":1298},[1268,2000,2002],{"id":2001},"valueof-也會建立相依關係","valueOf() 也會建立相依關係",[1216,2004,2005,2007],{},[1220,2006,1778],{}," 不只是取得另一個欄位的值，也會讓這個欄位成為驗證規則的相依來源。",[1216,2009,2010],{},"假設一開始：",[1276,2012,2017],{"className":2013,"code":2015,"language":2016,"meta":1281},[2014],"language-text","New Password      12345678\nConfirm Password  12345678\n","text",[1220,2018,2015],{"__ignoreMap":1281},[1216,2020,2021],{},"兩個密碼相同，驗證會通過。",[1216,2023,2024],{},"接著只修改 New Password：",[1276,2026,2029],{"className":2027,"code":2028,"language":2016,"meta":1281},[2014],"New Password      abcdefgh\nConfirm Password  12345678\n",[1220,2030,2028],{"__ignoreMap":1281},[1216,2032,2033],{},"即使 Confirm Password 沒有修改，驗證結果還是會重新計算。",[1216,2035,2036,2037,2040,2041,1768,2043,2045],{},"因為這條規則透過 ",[1220,2038,2039],{},"valueOf(path.newPassword)"," 讀取了 ",[1220,2042,1393],{},[1220,2044,1393],{}," 改變時，這條驗證也會重新執行，不需要另外監聽欄位變化。",[1216,2047,2048],{},[1253,2049],{"alt":2050,"src":2051},"valueOf() 不只讀值，也會建立驗證相依","https:\u002F\u002Fres.cloudinary.com\u002Fdseg0uwc9\u002Fimage\u002Fupload\u002Fv1791040334\u002F2026%20%E9%90%B5%E4%BA%BA%E8%B3%BD\u002FDay%2019%EF%BC%9ASignal%20Forms%20Cross-field%20Validation%20%E8%88%87%E9%A9%97%E8%AD%89%E6%99%82%E6%A9%9F\u002F03-value-of-dependency.png",[1268,2053,2055],{"id":2054},"fieldcontext-還能取得哪些資料","FieldContext 還能取得哪些資料",[1216,2057,2058,2059,2061],{},"前面的 ",[1220,2060,1400],{}," Callback 會拿到 FieldContext，可以取得目前欄位或其他欄位的資訊：",[1235,2063,2064,2069,2074,2080],{},[1238,2065,2066,2068],{},[1220,2067,1771],{},"：取得目前正在驗證的欄位值",[1238,2070,2071,2073],{},[1220,2072,1778],{},"：取得其他欄位的值",[1238,2075,2076,2079],{},[1220,2077,2078],{},"stateOf()","：取得其他欄位的 Field State",[1238,2081,2082,2085],{},[1220,2083,2084],{},"fieldTreeOf()","：取得其他欄位的 FieldTree",[1216,2087,2088,2089,1223,2092,2094,2095,1230],{},"如果驗證邏輯除了值以外，還需要知道其他欄位目前是不是 ",[1220,2090,2091],{},"invalid()",[1220,2093,1262],{}," 等狀態，可以使用 ",[1220,2096,2078],{},[1216,2098,2099],{},[1253,2100],{"alt":2101,"src":2102},"FieldContext：需要其他欄位的哪一層資訊？","https:\u002F\u002Fres.cloudinary.com\u002Fdseg0uwc9\u002Fimage\u002Fupload\u002Fv1791040340\u002F2026%20%E9%90%B5%E4%BA%BA%E8%B3%BD\u002FDay%2019%EF%BC%9ASignal%20Forms%20Cross-field%20Validation%20%E8%88%87%E9%A9%97%E8%AD%89%E6%99%82%E6%A9%9F\u002F05-field-context-apis.png",[1216,2104,2105,2107],{},[1220,2106,2084],{}," 可以取得其他欄位對應的 FieldTree。",[1216,2109,2110],{},"例如表單裡有巢狀的 Address：",[1276,2112,2114],{"className":1278,"code":2113,"language":1280,"meta":1281,"style":1281},"interface UserModel {\n  name: string;\n  address: {\n    city: string;\n    zipCode: string;\n  };\n}\n",[1220,2115,2116,2125,2136,2145,2156,2167,2172],{"__ignoreMap":1281},[1285,2117,2118,2120,2123],{"class":1287,"line":340},[1285,2119,1291],{"class":1290},[1285,2121,2122],{"class":1294}," UserModel",[1285,2124,1299],{"class":1298},[1285,2126,2127,2130,2132,2134],{"class":1287,"line":329},[1285,2128,2129],{"class":1304},"  name",[1285,2131,1308],{"class":1290},[1285,2133,1312],{"class":1311},[1285,2135,1315],{"class":1298},[1285,2137,2138,2141,2143],{"class":1287,"line":318},[1285,2139,2140],{"class":1304},"  address",[1285,2142,1308],{"class":1290},[1285,2144,1299],{"class":1298},[1285,2146,2147,2150,2152,2154],{"class":1287,"line":134},[1285,2148,2149],{"class":1304},"    city",[1285,2151,1308],{"class":1290},[1285,2153,1312],{"class":1311},[1285,2155,1315],{"class":1298},[1285,2157,2158,2161,2163,2165],{"class":1287,"line":122},[1285,2159,2160],{"class":1304},"    zipCode",[1285,2162,1308],{"class":1290},[1285,2164,1312],{"class":1311},[1285,2166,1315],{"class":1298},[1285,2168,2169],{"class":1287,"line":31},[1285,2170,2171],{"class":1298},"  };\n",[1285,2173,2174],{"class":1287,"line":17},[1285,2175,1331],{"class":1298},[1216,2177,2178,2179,2182],{},"驗證時如果需要取得整個 ",[1220,2180,2181],{},"address"," 的 FieldTree，可以使用：",[1276,2184,2186],{"className":1278,"code":2185,"language":1280,"meta":1281,"style":1281},"validate(path.name, ({ fieldTreeOf }) => {\n  const addressTree = fieldTreeOf(path.address);\n\n  \u002F\u002F addressTree.city\n  \u002F\u002F addressTree.zipCode\n\n  return null;\n});\n",[1220,2187,2188,2205,2221,2225,2231,2236,2240,2249],{"__ignoreMap":1281},[1285,2189,2190,2193,2196,2199,2201,2203],{"class":1287,"line":340},[1285,2191,2192],{"class":1348},"validate",[1285,2194,2195],{"class":1298},"(path.name, ({ ",[1285,2197,2198],{"class":1304},"fieldTreeOf",[1285,2200,1595],{"class":1298},[1285,2202,1598],{"class":1290},[1285,2204,1299],{"class":1298},[1285,2206,2207,2210,2213,2215,2218],{"class":1287,"line":329},[1285,2208,2209],{"class":1290},"  const",[1285,2211,2212],{"class":1311}," addressTree",[1285,2214,1465],{"class":1290},[1285,2216,2217],{"class":1348}," fieldTreeOf",[1285,2219,2220],{"class":1298},"(path.address);\n",[1285,2222,2223],{"class":1287,"line":318},[1285,2224,1337],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":1336},[1285,2226,2227],{"class":1287,"line":134},[1285,2228,2230],{"class":2229},"sDN9O","  \u002F\u002F addressTree.city\n",[1285,2232,2233],{"class":1287,"line":122},[1285,2234,2235],{"class":2229},"  \u002F\u002F addressTree.zipCode\n",[1285,2237,2238],{"class":1287,"line":31},[1285,2239,1337],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":1336},[1285,2241,2242,2245,2247],{"class":1287,"line":17},[1285,2243,2244],{"class":1290},"  return",[1285,2246,1703],{"class":1311},[1285,2248,1315],{"class":1298},[1285,2250,2251],{"class":1287,"line":110},[1285,2252,1384],{"class":1298},[1216,2254,2255,2256,2258],{},"這時拿到的是 ",[1220,2257,2181],{}," 這組欄位的 FieldTree，而不是單一欄位值。",[1216,2260,2261,2262,2264],{},"像確認密碼、日期區間這類只需要比較值的情況，通常使用 ",[1220,2263,1778],{}," 就足夠了。",[1268,2266,2268],{"id":2267},"日期區間也是-cross-field-validation","日期區間也是 Cross-field Validation",[1216,2270,2271],{},"Cross-field Validation 不只會出現在密碼欄位。",[1216,2273,2274],{},"例如活動表單有開始日期和結束日期：",[1276,2276,2278],{"className":1278,"code":2277,"language":1280,"meta":1281,"style":1281},"interface EventModel {\n  startDate: Date;\n  endDate: Date;\n}\n\nreadonly eventModel = signal\u003CEventModel>({\n  startDate: new Date('2026-10-01'),\n  endDate: new Date('2026-10-02'),\n});\n\nconst eventSchema = schema\u003CEventModel>(path => {\n  validate(\n    path.endDate,\n    ({ value, valueOf }) => {\n      const startDate = valueOf(path.startDate);\n      const endDate = value();\n\n      if (endDate \u003C startDate) {\n        return {\n          kind: 'invalidDateRange',\n          message: '結束日期不能早於開始日期',\n        };\n      }\n\n      return null;\n    }\n  );\n});\n",[1220,2279,2280,2289,2301,2312,2316,2320,2336,2355,2371,2375,2379,2402,2408,2413,2429,2443,2456,2460,2472,2478,2487,2496,2500,2504,2508,2516,2520,2524],{"__ignoreMap":1281},[1285,2281,2282,2284,2287],{"class":1287,"line":340},[1285,2283,1291],{"class":1290},[1285,2285,2286],{"class":1294}," EventModel",[1285,2288,1299],{"class":1298},[1285,2290,2291,2294,2296,2299],{"class":1287,"line":329},[1285,2292,2293],{"class":1304},"  startDate",[1285,2295,1308],{"class":1290},[1285,2297,2298],{"class":1294}," Date",[1285,2300,1315],{"class":1298},[1285,2302,2303,2306,2308,2310],{"class":1287,"line":318},[1285,2304,2305],{"class":1304},"  endDate",[1285,2307,1308],{"class":1290},[1285,2309,2298],{"class":1294},[1285,2311,1315],{"class":1298},[1285,2313,2314],{"class":1287,"line":134},[1285,2315,1331],{"class":1298},[1285,2317,2318],{"class":1287,"line":122},[1285,2319,1337],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":1336},[1285,2321,2322,2325,2327,2329,2331,2334],{"class":1287,"line":31},[1285,2323,2324],{"class":1298},"readonly eventModel ",[1285,2326,1345],{"class":1290},[1285,2328,1349],{"class":1348},[1285,2330,1352],{"class":1298},[1285,2332,2333],{"class":1294},"EventModel",[1285,2335,1358],{"class":1298},[1285,2337,2338,2341,2344,2346,2349,2352],{"class":1287,"line":17},[1285,2339,2340],{"class":1298},"  startDate: ",[1285,2342,2343],{"class":1290},"new",[1285,2345,2298],{"class":1348},[1285,2347,2348],{"class":1298},"(",[1285,2350,2351],{"class":1366},"'2026-10-01'",[1285,2353,2354],{"class":1298},"),\n",[1285,2356,2357,2360,2362,2364,2366,2369],{"class":1287,"line":110},[1285,2358,2359],{"class":1298},"  endDate: ",[1285,2361,2343],{"class":1290},[1285,2363,2298],{"class":1348},[1285,2365,2348],{"class":1298},[1285,2367,2368],{"class":1366},"'2026-10-02'",[1285,2370,2354],{"class":1298},[1285,2372,2373],{"class":1287,"line":76},[1285,2374,1384],{"class":1298},[1285,2376,2377],{"class":1287,"line":247},[1285,2378,1337],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":1336},[1285,2380,2381,2383,2386,2388,2390,2392,2394,2396,2398,2400],{"class":1287,"line":236},[1285,2382,1029],{"class":1290},[1285,2384,2385],{"class":1311}," eventSchema",[1285,2387,1465],{"class":1290},[1285,2389,1468],{"class":1348},[1285,2391,1352],{"class":1298},[1285,2393,2333],{"class":1294},[1285,2395,1475],{"class":1298},[1285,2397,1478],{"class":1304},[1285,2399,1481],{"class":1290},[1285,2401,1299],{"class":1298},[1285,2403,2404,2406],{"class":1287,"line":225},[1285,2405,1570],{"class":1348},[1285,2407,1573],{"class":1298},[1285,2409,2410],{"class":1287,"line":214},[1285,2411,2412],{"class":1298},"    path.endDate,\n",[1285,2414,2415,2417,2419,2421,2423,2425,2427],{"class":1287,"line":203},[1285,2416,1583],{"class":1298},[1285,2418,1586],{"class":1304},[1285,2420,1589],{"class":1298},[1285,2422,1592],{"class":1304},[1285,2424,1595],{"class":1298},[1285,2426,1598],{"class":1290},[1285,2428,1299],{"class":1298},[1285,2430,2431,2433,2436,2438,2440],{"class":1287,"line":192},[1285,2432,1605],{"class":1290},[1285,2434,2435],{"class":1311}," startDate",[1285,2437,1465],{"class":1290},[1285,2439,1613],{"class":1348},[1285,2441,2442],{"class":1298},"(path.startDate);\n",[1285,2444,2445,2447,2450,2452,2454],{"class":1287,"line":181},[1285,2446,1605],{"class":1290},[1285,2448,2449],{"class":1311}," endDate",[1285,2451,1465],{"class":1290},[1285,2453,1628],{"class":1348},[1285,2455,1631],{"class":1298},[1285,2457,2458],{"class":1287,"line":170},[1285,2459,1337],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":1336},[1285,2461,2462,2464,2467,2469],{"class":1287,"line":159},[1285,2463,1640],{"class":1290},[1285,2465,2466],{"class":1298}," (endDate ",[1285,2468,1352],{"class":1290},[1285,2470,2471],{"class":1298}," startDate) {\n",[1285,2473,2474,2476],{"class":1287,"line":148},[1285,2475,1654],{"class":1290},[1285,2477,1299],{"class":1298},[1285,2479,2480,2482,2485],{"class":1287,"line":137},[1285,2481,1661],{"class":1298},[1285,2483,2484],{"class":1366},"'invalidDateRange'",[1285,2486,1370],{"class":1298},[1285,2488,2489,2491,2494],{"class":1287,"line":125},[1285,2490,1672],{"class":1298},[1285,2492,2493],{"class":1366},"'結束日期不能早於開始日期'",[1285,2495,1370],{"class":1298},[1285,2497,2498],{"class":1287,"line":113},[1285,2499,1683],{"class":1298},[1285,2501,2502],{"class":1287,"line":101},[1285,2503,1689],{"class":1298},[1285,2505,2506],{"class":1287,"line":90},[1285,2507,1337],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":1336},[1285,2509,2510,2512,2514],{"class":1287,"line":79},[1285,2511,1700],{"class":1290},[1285,2513,1703],{"class":1311},[1285,2515,1315],{"class":1298},[1285,2517,2518],{"class":1287,"line":67},[1285,2519,1711],{"class":1298},[1285,2521,2522],{"class":1287,"line":56},[1285,2523,1717],{"class":1298},[1285,2525,2526],{"class":1287,"line":45},[1285,2527,1384],{"class":1298},[1216,2529,2530,2531,2534,2535,2537,2538,2541],{},"這次規則掛在 ",[1220,2532,2533],{},"endDate","，",[1220,2536,1771],{}," 取得 End Date，",[1220,2539,2540],{},"valueOf(path.startDate)"," 則取得 Start Date。",[1216,2543,2544],{},[1253,2545],{"alt":2268,"src":2546},"https:\u002F\u002Fres.cloudinary.com\u002Fdseg0uwc9\u002Fimage\u002Fupload\u002Fv1791040337\u002F2026%20%E9%90%B5%E4%BA%BA%E8%B3%BD\u002FDay%2019%EF%BC%9ASignal%20Forms%20Cross-field%20Validation%20%E8%88%87%E9%A9%97%E8%AD%89%E6%99%82%E6%A9%9F\u002F04-date-range-validation.png",[1268,2548,2550],{"id":2549},"touched-和驗證時機","touched() 和驗證時機",[1216,2552,2553],{},"前面的 Template 會同時判斷：",[1276,2555,2557],{"className":1278,"code":2556,"language":1280,"meta":1281,"style":1281},"@if (\n  passwordForm.confirmPassword().touched() &&\n  passwordForm.confirmPassword().invalid()\n) {\n  ...\n}\n",[1220,2558,2559,2567,2581,2593,2597,2602],{"__ignoreMap":1281},[1285,2560,2561,2563,2565],{"class":1287,"line":340},[1285,2562,1887],{"class":1298},[1285,2564,1890],{"class":1348},[1285,2566,1893],{"class":1298},[1285,2568,2569,2571,2573,2575,2577,2579],{"class":1287,"line":329},[1285,2570,1898],{"class":1298},[1285,2572,1389],{"class":1348},[1285,2574,1903],{"class":1298},[1285,2576,1906],{"class":1348},[1285,2578,1909],{"class":1298},[1285,2580,1912],{"class":1290},[1285,2582,2583,2585,2587,2589,2591],{"class":1287,"line":318},[1285,2584,1898],{"class":1298},[1285,2586,1389],{"class":1348},[1285,2588,1903],{"class":1298},[1285,2590,1923],{"class":1348},[1285,2592,1926],{"class":1298},[1285,2594,2595],{"class":1287,"line":134},[1285,2596,1931],{"class":1298},[1285,2598,2599],{"class":1287,"line":122},[1285,2600,2601],{"class":1290},"  ...\n",[1285,2603,2604],{"class":1287,"line":31},[1285,2605,1331],{"class":1298},[1216,2607,2608],{},"這裡是在處理兩件不同的事：",[1235,2610,2611,2616],{},[1238,2612,2613,2615],{},[1220,2614,2091],{},"：代表目前的驗證結果",[1238,2617,2618,2620],{},[1220,2619,1262],{},"：表示使用者是否已經操作過這個欄位",[1216,2622,2623],{},"欄位值更新到 Form Model 後，驗證規則就會重新計算。即使欄位已經是 Invalid，只要還沒有 Touched，畫面仍然可以先不顯示錯誤。",[1216,2625,2626,2627,2629,2630,2632,2633,2636],{},"例如 Confirm Password 一開始是空的，",[1220,2628,1222],{}," 已經可以判斷它沒有通過驗證，但畫面還要求 ",[1220,2631,1262],{}," 必須是 ",[1220,2634,2635],{},"true","，所以錯誤訊息不會一開始就出現。",[1216,2638,2639,2640,2642,2643,2645],{},"等使用者進入欄位再離開後，",[1220,2641,1262],{}," 會變成 ",[1220,2644,2635],{},"。如果這時欄位仍然是 Invalid，錯誤訊息才會顯示。",[1216,2647,2648,2650],{},[1220,2649,1262],{}," 不會影響 Validator 是否執行，主要是用來控制驗證結果什麼時候顯示在畫面上。",[1268,2652,2654],{"id":2653},"使用-debounce-調整更新時機","使用 debounce() 調整更新時機",[1216,2656,2657,2658,1230],{},"Signal Forms 預設會隨著使用者輸入更新欄位值，行為接近 ",[1220,2659,2660],{},"onInput",[1216,2662,2663,2664,2666],{},"如果不希望每輸入一個字元就立刻把值同步到 Form Model，可以使用 ",[1220,2665,1265],{}," 調整更新時機。",[1216,2668,2669],{},"例如希望等使用者離開 Email 欄位後再更新：",[1276,2671,2673],{"className":1278,"code":2672,"language":1280,"meta":1281,"style":1281},"import {\n  debounce,\n  email,\n  required,\n  schema,\n} from '@angular\u002Fforms\u002Fsignals';\n\nconst registerSchema = schema\u003CRegisterModel>(path => {\n  debounce(path.email, 'blur');\n\n  required(path.email, {\n    message: 'Email 為必填',\n  });\n\n  email(path.email, {\n    message: 'Email 格式錯誤',\n  });\n});\n",[1220,2674,2675,2681,2686,2691,2695,2699,2709,2713,2737,2750,2754,2761,2770,2774,2778,2785,2794,2798],{"__ignoreMap":1281},[1285,2676,2677,2679],{"class":1287,"line":340},[1285,2678,1411],{"class":1290},[1285,2680,1299],{"class":1298},[1285,2682,2683],{"class":1287,"line":329},[1285,2684,2685],{"class":1298},"  debounce,\n",[1285,2687,2688],{"class":1287,"line":318},[1285,2689,2690],{"class":1298},"  email,\n",[1285,2692,2693],{"class":1287,"line":134},[1285,2694,1428],{"class":1298},[1285,2696,2697],{"class":1287,"line":122},[1285,2698,1433],{"class":1298},[1285,2700,2701,2703,2705,2707],{"class":1287,"line":31},[1285,2702,1443],{"class":1298},[1285,2704,1446],{"class":1290},[1285,2706,1449],{"class":1366},[1285,2708,1315],{"class":1298},[1285,2710,2711],{"class":1287,"line":17},[1285,2712,1337],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":1336},[1285,2714,2715,2717,2720,2722,2724,2726,2729,2731,2733,2735],{"class":1287,"line":110},[1285,2716,1029],{"class":1290},[1285,2718,2719],{"class":1311}," registerSchema",[1285,2721,1465],{"class":1290},[1285,2723,1468],{"class":1348},[1285,2725,1352],{"class":1298},[1285,2727,2728],{"class":1294},"RegisterModel",[1285,2730,1475],{"class":1298},[1285,2732,1478],{"class":1304},[1285,2734,1481],{"class":1290},[1285,2736,1299],{"class":1298},[1285,2738,2739,2742,2745,2748],{"class":1287,"line":76},[1285,2740,2741],{"class":1348},"  debounce",[1285,2743,2744],{"class":1298},"(path.email, ",[1285,2746,2747],{"class":1366},"'blur'",[1285,2749,1761],{"class":1298},[1285,2751,2752],{"class":1287,"line":247},[1285,2753,1337],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":1336},[1285,2755,2756,2758],{"class":1287,"line":236},[1285,2757,1488],{"class":1348},[1285,2759,2760],{"class":1298},"(path.email, {\n",[1285,2762,2763,2765,2768],{"class":1287,"line":225},[1285,2764,1496],{"class":1298},[1285,2766,2767],{"class":1366},"'Email 為必填'",[1285,2769,1370],{"class":1298},[1285,2771,2772],{"class":1287,"line":214},[1285,2773,1506],{"class":1298},[1285,2775,2776],{"class":1287,"line":203},[1285,2777,1337],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":1336},[1285,2779,2780,2783],{"class":1287,"line":192},[1285,2781,2782],{"class":1348},"  email",[1285,2784,2760],{"class":1298},[1285,2786,2787,2789,2792],{"class":1287,"line":181},[1285,2788,1496],{"class":1298},[1285,2790,2791],{"class":1366},"'Email 格式錯誤'",[1285,2793,1370],{"class":1298},[1285,2795,2796],{"class":1287,"line":170},[1285,2797,1506],{"class":1298},[1285,2799,2800],{"class":1287,"line":159},[1285,2801,1384],{"class":1298},[1216,2803,2804,2805,2808],{},"使用 ",[1220,2806,2807],{},"debounce(path.email, 'blur')"," 後，輸入時不會立刻更新 Form Model，而是等欄位 Blur 後才同步新的值，相關驗證也會跟著重新計算。",[1216,2810,2811,2812,2814],{},"除了 ",[1220,2813,2747],{},"，也可以指定等待時間：",[1276,2816,2818],{"className":1278,"code":2817,"language":1280,"meta":1281,"style":1281},"debounce(path.email, 300);\n",[1220,2819,2820],{"__ignoreMap":1281},[1285,2821,2822,2825,2827,2830],{"class":1287,"line":340},[1285,2823,2824],{"class":1348},"debounce",[1285,2826,2744],{"class":1298},[1285,2828,2829],{"class":1311},"300",[1285,2831,1761],{"class":1298},[1216,2833,2834],{},"這時會等使用者停止輸入一段時間後，再更新 Form Model。",[1216,2836,2837],{},"更新方式大致可以整理成：",[1235,2839,2840,2845,2851],{},[1238,2841,2842,2843],{},"預設：輸入時就更新，行為接近 ",[1220,2844,2660],{},[1238,2846,2847,2850],{},[1220,2848,2849],{},"debounce(path, 'blur')","：Blur 後才更新 Form Model",[1238,2852,2853,2856],{},[1220,2854,2855],{},"debounce(path, 300)","：停止輸入一段時間後再更新 Form Model",[1216,2858,2859,2860,2862,2863,2865],{},"這裡的 ",[1220,2861,1265],{}," 控制的是欄位值更新到 Form Model 的時機，和前面用來控制錯誤訊息顯示的 ",[1220,2864,1262],{}," 是兩件不同的事。",[1216,2867,2868,2869,2871],{},"如果 Cross-field Validation 的欄位也設定 ",[1220,2870,1265],{},"，驗證會等新的值同步到 Model 後再重新計算。",[1216,2873,2874],{},"例如使用：",[1276,2876,2878],{"className":1278,"code":2877,"language":1280,"meta":1281,"style":1281},"debounce(path.confirmPassword, 'blur');\n",[1220,2879,2880],{"__ignoreMap":1281},[1285,2881,2882,2884,2887,2889],{"class":1287,"line":340},[1285,2883,2824],{"class":1348},[1285,2885,2886],{"class":1298},"(path.confirmPassword, ",[1285,2888,2747],{"class":1366},[1285,2890,1761],{"class":1298},[1216,2892,2893],{},"Confirm Password 會等到 Blur 後才更新，再依照新的值重新執行 Cross-field Validation。",[1216,2895,2896],{},[1253,2897],{"alt":2898,"src":2899},"touched() 與 debounce() 處理不同的時機","https:\u002F\u002Fres.cloudinary.com\u002Fdseg0uwc9\u002Fimage\u002Fupload\u002Fv1791040343\u002F2026%20%E9%90%B5%E4%BA%BA%E8%B3%BD\u002FDay%2019%EF%BC%9ASignal%20Forms%20Cross-field%20Validation%20%E8%88%87%E9%A9%97%E8%AD%89%E6%99%82%E6%A9%9F\u002F06-touched-vs-debounce.png",[1268,2901,2902],{"id":2902},"本日結語",[1216,2904,2905,2906,2908],{},"Cross-field Validation 適合處理需要同時參考多個欄位的驗證，例如確認密碼、日期區間。透過 ",[1220,2907,1778],{}," 讀取其他欄位後，這些欄位也會成為驗證的相依來源，不需要再另外監聽欄位變化。",[1216,2910,2911],{},"除了欄位之間的相依，表單裡還有幾個容易混在一起的時機：",[1235,2913,2914,2919,2924],{},[1238,2915,2916,2918],{},[1220,2917,2091],{},"：目前的驗證結果",[1238,2920,2921,2923],{},[1220,2922,1262],{},"：欄位是否已經被操作，常用來控制錯誤訊息顯示",[1238,2925,2926,2928],{},[1220,2927,1265],{},"：控制欄位值什麼時候同步到 Form Model",[1216,2930,2931,2932,2934],{},"Signal Forms 預設會隨輸入更新欄位值，也可以透過 ",[1220,2933,1265],{}," 改成 Blur 後或等待一段時間再更新。",[1216,2936,2937],{},"把驗證結果、錯誤顯示和值更新時機分開後，Cross-field Validation 的處理會更清楚，也比較不需要額外維護其他狀態。",[2939,2940,2941],"h3",{"id":2941},"資料來源",[1235,2943,2944,2954,2961,2968,2975],{},[1238,2945,2946,2947],{},"Angular 官方文件：",[2948,2949,2953],"a",{"href":2950,"rel":2951},"https:\u002F\u002Fangular.dev\u002Fguide\u002Fforms\u002Fsignals\u002Fvalidation",[2952],"nofollow","Signal Forms Validation",[1238,2955,2946,2956],{},[2948,2957,2960],{"href":2958,"rel":2959},"https:\u002F\u002Fangular.dev\u002Fguide\u002Fforms\u002Fsignals\u002Fcross-field-logic",[2952],"Cross-field logic",[1238,2962,2946,2963],{},[2948,2964,2967],{"href":2965,"rel":2966},"https:\u002F\u002Fangular.dev\u002Fguide\u002Fforms\u002Fsignals\u002Fasync-operations",[2952],"Async operations",[1238,2969,2970,2971],{},"Angular 官方 API：",[2948,2972,1400],{"href":2973,"rel":2974},"https:\u002F\u002Fangular.dev\u002Fapi\u002Fforms\u002Fsignals\u002Fvalidate",[2952],[1238,2976,2970,2977],{},[2948,2978,1265],{"href":2979,"rel":2980},"https:\u002F\u002Fangular.dev\u002Fapi\u002Fforms\u002Fsignals\u002Fdebounce",[2952],[2982,2983,2984],"style",{},"html pre.shiki code .s7YZ4, html code.shiki .s7YZ4{--shiki-default:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F47067}html pre.shiki code .sOLd2, html code.shiki .sOLd2{--shiki-default:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#F69D50}html pre.shiki code .sYgZi, html code.shiki .sYgZi{--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#ADBAC7}html pre.shiki code .stnAF, html code.shiki .stnAF{--shiki-default:#E36209;--shiki-dark:#F69D50}html pre.shiki code .sviXB, html code.shiki .sviXB{--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#6CB6FF}html pre.shiki code .sPO5f, html code.shiki .sPO5f{--shiki-default:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#DCBDFB}html pre.shiki code .s-HuK, html code.shiki .s-HuK{--shiki-default:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#96D0FF}html .default .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .dark .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-dark);background: var(--shiki-dark-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-dark-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-dark-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-dark-text-decoration);}html.dark .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-dark);background: var(--shiki-dark-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-dark-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-dark-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-dark-text-decoration);}html pre.shiki code .sDN9O, html code.shiki .sDN9O{--shiki-default:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#768390}",{"title":1281,"searchDepth":134,"depth":134,"links":2986},[2987,2988,2989,2990,2991,2992,2993],{"id":1270,"depth":329,"text":1271},{"id":2001,"depth":329,"text":2002},{"id":2054,"depth":329,"text":2055},{"id":2267,"depth":329,"text":2268},{"id":2549,"depth":329,"text":2550},{"id":2653,"depth":329,"text":2654},{"id":2902,"depth":329,"text":2902,"children":2994},[2995],{"id":2941,"depth":318,"text":2941},[11,13],"md",{},"---\ntitle: \"Day 19：Signal Forms Cross-field Validation 與欄位更新時機\"\ndate: 2026-10-03 23:18:26\ntags:\n  - \"iThome 鐵人賽\"\n  - \"2026 鐵人賽\"\n  - \"Angular\"\ncategories:\n  - \"iThome 鐵人賽\"\n  - \"Angular\"\ndescription: \"上一篇介紹 Signal Forms 時，已經看到可以透過 Schema 定義欄位驗證，例如 required()、email()、minLength()。\"\ncanonical: https:\u002F\u002Fithelp.ithome.com.tw\u002Farticles\u002F10420631\nseries:\n  name: \"2026 iThome 鐵人賽：Angular 22 Signal 進化論\"\n  url: https:\u002F\u002Fithelp.ithome.com.tw\u002Fusers\u002F20116554\u002Fironman\u002F9939\n  day: 19\n---\n\n上一篇介紹 Signal Forms 時，已經看到可以透過 Schema 定義欄位驗證，例如 `required()`、`email()`、`minLength()`。\n\n這些規則只需要目前欄位的值就能判斷結果，但有些情況還需要參考其他欄位，例如：\n\n- 確認密碼要和新密碼一致\n- 結束日期不能早於開始日期\n- 最小值不能大於最大值\n\n這類需要參考其他欄位的驗證，就是 Cross-field Validation。\n\n![什麼是 Cross-field Validation？](https:\u002F\u002Fres.cloudinary.com\u002Fdseg0uwc9\u002Fimage\u002Fupload\u002Fv1791040327\u002F2026%20%E9%90%B5%E4%BA%BA%E8%B3%BD\u002FDay%2019%EF%BC%9ASignal%20Forms%20Cross-field%20Validation%20%E8%88%87%E9%A9%97%E8%AD%89%E6%99%82%E6%A9%9F\u002F01-cross-field-overview.png)\n\n這篇先從確認密碼的案例開始，再補充欄位之間的相依關係，以及 `touched()`、`debounce()` 分別會影響什麼。\n\n## Cross-field Validation\n\n假設使用者正在設定新密碼，表單有 New Password 和 Confirm Password：\n\n```ts\ninterface PasswordModel {\n  newPassword: string;\n  confirmPassword: string;\n}\n\nreadonly passwordModel = signal\u003CPasswordModel>({\n  newPassword: '',\n  confirmPassword: '',\n});\n```\n\n`confirmPassword` 不能只看自己的值，還需要和 `newPassword` 比較。\n\n這時可以使用 `validate()` 自訂驗證規則：\n\n```ts\nimport {\n  form,\n  minLength,\n  required,\n  schema,\n  validate,\n} from '@angular\u002Fforms\u002Fsignals';\n\nconst passwordSchema = schema\u003CPasswordModel>(path => {\n  required(path.newPassword, {\n    message: '請輸入新密碼',\n  });\n\n  minLength(path.newPassword, 8, {\n    message: '密碼至少需要 8 個字元',\n  });\n\n  required(path.confirmPassword, {\n    message: '請再次輸入新密碼',\n  });\n\n  validate(\n    path.confirmPassword,\n    ({ value, valueOf }) => {\n      const newPassword = valueOf(path.newPassword);\n      const confirmPassword = value();\n\n      if (newPassword !== confirmPassword) {\n        return {\n          kind: 'passwordMismatch',\n          message: '兩次輸入的密碼不一致',\n        };\n      }\n\n      return null;\n    }\n  );\n});\n\nreadonly passwordForm = form(\n  this.passwordModel,\n  passwordSchema\n);\n```\n\n這條驗證掛在 `path.confirmPassword`，所以 `value()` 取得的是目前 `confirmPassword` 的值；如果還需要讀取其他欄位，就可以使用 `valueOf()`。\n\n```ts\nconst newPassword = valueOf(path.newPassword);\n```\n\n兩個密碼不同時回傳 Validation Error，驗證通過則回傳 `null`。\n\n![value() 與 valueOf() 各自讀取什麼？](https:\u002F\u002Fres.cloudinary.com\u002Fdseg0uwc9\u002Fimage\u002Fupload\u002Fv1791040331\u002F2026%20%E9%90%B5%E4%BA%BA%E8%B3%BD\u002FDay%2019%EF%BC%9ASignal%20Forms%20Cross-field%20Validation%20%E8%88%87%E9%A9%97%E8%AD%89%E6%99%82%E6%A9%9F\u002F02-value-vs-value-of.png)\n\n錯誤會反映在 Confirm Password 的 Field State：\n\n```ts\n\u003Cinput\n  type=\"password\"\n  [formField]=\"passwordForm.newPassword\"\n\u002F>\n\n\u003Cinput\n  type=\"password\"\n  [formField]=\"passwordForm.confirmPassword\"\n\u002F>\n\n@if (\n  passwordForm.confirmPassword().touched() &&\n  passwordForm.confirmPassword().invalid()\n) {\n  @for (\n    error of passwordForm.confirmPassword().errors();\n    track error.kind\n  ) {\n    \u003Cp>{{ error.message }}\u003C\u002Fp>\n  }\n}\n```\n\n## valueOf() 也會建立相依關係\n\n`valueOf()` 不只是取得另一個欄位的值，也會讓這個欄位成為驗證規則的相依來源。\n\n假設一開始：\n\n```text\nNew Password      12345678\nConfirm Password  12345678\n```\n\n兩個密碼相同，驗證會通過。\n\n接著只修改 New Password：\n\n```text\nNew Password      abcdefgh\nConfirm Password  12345678\n```\n\n即使 Confirm Password 沒有修改，驗證結果還是會重新計算。\n\n因為這條規則透過 `valueOf(path.newPassword)` 讀取了 `newPassword`，所以 `newPassword` 改變時，這條驗證也會重新執行，不需要另外監聽欄位變化。\n\n![valueOf() 不只讀值，也會建立驗證相依](https:\u002F\u002Fres.cloudinary.com\u002Fdseg0uwc9\u002Fimage\u002Fupload\u002Fv1791040334\u002F2026%20%E9%90%B5%E4%BA%BA%E8%B3%BD\u002FDay%2019%EF%BC%9ASignal%20Forms%20Cross-field%20Validation%20%E8%88%87%E9%A9%97%E8%AD%89%E6%99%82%E6%A9%9F\u002F03-value-of-dependency.png)\n\n## FieldContext 還能取得哪些資料\n\n前面的 `validate()` Callback 會拿到 FieldContext，可以取得目前欄位或其他欄位的資訊：\n\n- `value()`：取得目前正在驗證的欄位值\n- `valueOf()`：取得其他欄位的值\n- `stateOf()`：取得其他欄位的 Field State\n- `fieldTreeOf()`：取得其他欄位的 FieldTree\n\n如果驗證邏輯除了值以外，還需要知道其他欄位目前是不是 `invalid()`、`touched()` 等狀態，可以使用 `stateOf()`。\n\n![FieldContext：需要其他欄位的哪一層資訊？](https:\u002F\u002Fres.cloudinary.com\u002Fdseg0uwc9\u002Fimage\u002Fupload\u002Fv1791040340\u002F2026%20%E9%90%B5%E4%BA%BA%E8%B3%BD\u002FDay%2019%EF%BC%9ASignal%20Forms%20Cross-field%20Validation%20%E8%88%87%E9%A9%97%E8%AD%89%E6%99%82%E6%A9%9F\u002F05-field-context-apis.png)\n\n`fieldTreeOf()` 可以取得其他欄位對應的 FieldTree。\n\n例如表單裡有巢狀的 Address：\n\n```ts\ninterface UserModel {\n  name: string;\n  address: {\n    city: string;\n    zipCode: string;\n  };\n}\n```\n\n驗證時如果需要取得整個 `address` 的 FieldTree，可以使用：\n\n```ts\nvalidate(path.name, ({ fieldTreeOf }) => {\n  const addressTree = fieldTreeOf(path.address);\n\n  \u002F\u002F addressTree.city\n  \u002F\u002F addressTree.zipCode\n\n  return null;\n});\n```\n\n這時拿到的是 `address` 這組欄位的 FieldTree，而不是單一欄位值。\n\n像確認密碼、日期區間這類只需要比較值的情況，通常使用 `valueOf()` 就足夠了。\n\n## 日期區間也是 Cross-field Validation\n\nCross-field Validation 不只會出現在密碼欄位。\n\n例如活動表單有開始日期和結束日期：\n\n```ts\ninterface EventModel {\n  startDate: Date;\n  endDate: Date;\n}\n\nreadonly eventModel = signal\u003CEventModel>({\n  startDate: new Date('2026-10-01'),\n  endDate: new Date('2026-10-02'),\n});\n\nconst eventSchema = schema\u003CEventModel>(path => {\n  validate(\n    path.endDate,\n    ({ value, valueOf }) => {\n      const startDate = valueOf(path.startDate);\n      const endDate = value();\n\n      if (endDate \u003C startDate) {\n        return {\n          kind: 'invalidDateRange',\n          message: '結束日期不能早於開始日期',\n        };\n      }\n\n      return null;\n    }\n  );\n});\n```\n\n這次規則掛在 `endDate`，`value()` 取得 End Date，`valueOf(path.startDate)` 則取得 Start Date。\n\n![日期區間也是 Cross-field Validation](https:\u002F\u002Fres.cloudinary.com\u002Fdseg0uwc9\u002Fimage\u002Fupload\u002Fv1791040337\u002F2026%20%E9%90%B5%E4%BA%BA%E8%B3%BD\u002FDay%2019%EF%BC%9ASignal%20Forms%20Cross-field%20Validation%20%E8%88%87%E9%A9%97%E8%AD%89%E6%99%82%E6%A9%9F\u002F04-date-range-validation.png)\n\n## touched() 和驗證時機\n\n前面的 Template 會同時判斷：\n\n```ts\n@if (\n  passwordForm.confirmPassword().touched() &&\n  passwordForm.confirmPassword().invalid()\n) {\n  ...\n}\n```\n\n這裡是在處理兩件不同的事：\n\n- `invalid()`：代表目前的驗證結果\n- `touched()`：表示使用者是否已經操作過這個欄位\n\n欄位值更新到 Form Model 後，驗證規則就會重新計算。即使欄位已經是 Invalid，只要還沒有 Touched，畫面仍然可以先不顯示錯誤。\n\n例如 Confirm Password 一開始是空的，`required()` 已經可以判斷它沒有通過驗證，但畫面還要求 `touched()` 必須是 `true`，所以錯誤訊息不會一開始就出現。\n\n等使用者進入欄位再離開後，`touched()` 會變成 `true`。如果這時欄位仍然是 Invalid，錯誤訊息才會顯示。\n\n`touched()` 不會影響 Validator 是否執行，主要是用來控制驗證結果什麼時候顯示在畫面上。\n\n## 使用 debounce() 調整更新時機\n\nSignal Forms 預設會隨著使用者輸入更新欄位值，行為接近 `onInput`。\n\n如果不希望每輸入一個字元就立刻把值同步到 Form Model，可以使用 `debounce()` 調整更新時機。\n\n例如希望等使用者離開 Email 欄位後再更新：\n\n```ts\nimport {\n  debounce,\n  email,\n  required,\n  schema,\n} from '@angular\u002Fforms\u002Fsignals';\n\nconst registerSchema = schema\u003CRegisterModel>(path => {\n  debounce(path.email, 'blur');\n\n  required(path.email, {\n    message: 'Email 為必填',\n  });\n\n  email(path.email, {\n    message: 'Email 格式錯誤',\n  });\n});\n```\n\n使用 `debounce(path.email, 'blur')` 後，輸入時不會立刻更新 Form Model，而是等欄位 Blur 後才同步新的值，相關驗證也會跟著重新計算。\n\n除了 `'blur'`，也可以指定等待時間：\n\n```ts\ndebounce(path.email, 300);\n```\n\n這時會等使用者停止輸入一段時間後，再更新 Form Model。\n\n更新方式大致可以整理成：\n\n- 預設：輸入時就更新，行為接近 `onInput`\n- `debounce(path, 'blur')`：Blur 後才更新 Form Model\n- `debounce(path, 300)`：停止輸入一段時間後再更新 Form Model\n\n這裡的 `debounce()` 控制的是欄位值更新到 Form Model 的時機，和前面用來控制錯誤訊息顯示的 `touched()` 是兩件不同的事。\n\n如果 Cross-field Validation 的欄位也設定 `debounce()`，驗證會等新的值同步到 Model 後再重新計算。\n\n例如使用：\n\n```ts\ndebounce(path.confirmPassword, 'blur');\n```\n\nConfirm Password 會等到 Blur 後才更新，再依照新的值重新執行 Cross-field Validation。\n\n![touched() 與 debounce() 處理不同的時機](https:\u002F\u002Fres.cloudinary.com\u002Fdseg0uwc9\u002Fimage\u002Fupload\u002Fv1791040343\u002F2026%20%E9%90%B5%E4%BA%BA%E8%B3%BD\u002FDay%2019%EF%BC%9ASignal%20Forms%20Cross-field%20Validation%20%E8%88%87%E9%A9%97%E8%AD%89%E6%99%82%E6%A9%9F\u002F06-touched-vs-debounce.png)\n\n## 本日結語\n\nCross-field Validation 適合處理需要同時參考多個欄位的驗證，例如確認密碼、日期區間。透過 `valueOf()` 讀取其他欄位後，這些欄位也會成為驗證的相依來源，不需要再另外監聽欄位變化。\n\n除了欄位之間的相依，表單裡還有幾個容易混在一起的時機：\n\n- `invalid()`：目前的驗證結果\n- `touched()`：欄位是否已經被操作，常用來控制錯誤訊息顯示\n- `debounce()`：控制欄位值什麼時候同步到 Form Model\n\nSignal Forms 預設會隨輸入更新欄位值，也可以透過 `debounce()` 改成 Blur 後或等待一段時間再更新。\n\n把驗證結果、錯誤顯示和值更新時機分開後，Cross-field Validation 的處理會更清楚，也比較不需要額外維護其他狀態。\n\n### 資料來源\n\n- Angular 官方文件：[Signal Forms Validation](https:\u002F\u002Fangular.dev\u002Fguide\u002Fforms\u002Fsignals\u002Fvalidation)\n- Angular 官方文件：[Cross-field logic](https:\u002F\u002Fangular.dev\u002Fguide\u002Fforms\u002Fsignals\u002Fcross-field-logic)\n- Angular 官方文件：[Async operations](https:\u002F\u002Fangular.dev\u002Fguide\u002Fforms\u002Fsignals\u002Fasync-operations)\n- Angular 官方 API：[validate()](https:\u002F\u002Fangular.dev\u002Fapi\u002Fforms\u002Fsignals\u002Fvalidate)\n- Angular 官方 API：[debounce()](https:\u002F\u002Fangular.dev\u002Fapi\u002Fforms\u002Fsignals\u002Fdebounce)\n",{"title":140,"description":141},{"name":20,"url":21,"day":148},{"loc":139,"images":3003,"lastmod":142},[3004,3005,3006,3007,3008,3009],{"loc":1256},{"loc":1807},{"loc":2051},{"loc":2102},{"loc":2546},{"loc":2899},"ithome-2026-day-19","2026-10-03-ithome-2026-day-19",[11,12,13],"V6ZSJUa2hYa-t3MgOIQIWuhwmKTzPFWTeVbGmJnJ6Zw",1792575173249]